Verifiable dynamic quantum secret sharing based on generalized Hadamard gate

Abstract

This paper proposes a verifiable dynamic multi-dimensional quantum secret sharing scheme utilizing a generalized Hadamard gate. The dealer simultaneously distributes quantum and classical information to participants in a single distribution using a generalized Hadamard gate and a quantum SUM gate. To detect the malicious behavior of participants, the dealer prepares a sequence of checking particles. The participants retrieve the secret quantum state and classical information utilizing a generalized Hadamard gate and single-particle measurement. Additionally, the authenticity of secrets is ensured using a public hash function. While adding or removing participants, the dealer does not require assistance from other participants. The proposed protocol effectively thwarts eavesdroppers and participants from performing several types of attacks, including collusion, forgery, denial, and revoked dishonest participant attacks. The proposed protocol yields greater reliability, simplicity, versatility, and practicality.