Free Charge Carrier Generation by Visible-Light-Absorbing Organic Spacers in Ruddlesden–Popper Layered Perovskites

Abstract

Incorporating organic semiconductor building blocks as spacer cations into layered hybrid perovskites provides an opportunity to develop new materials with novel optoelectronic properties, including nanoheterojunctions that afford spatial separation of electron and hole transport. However, identifying organics with suitable structure and electronic energy levels to selectively absorb visible light has been a challenge in the field. In this work, we introduce a new lead-halide-based Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite structure based on a visible-light-absorbing naphthalene-iminoimide cation (NDI-DAE). Thin films of (NDI-DAE)₂PbI₄ show a quenched photoluminescence and transient absorption dynamics consistent with the formation of a charge transfer state or free charge carriers when either the inorganic or organic layer is photoexcited, suggesting the formation of a type II nanoheterostructure. Time-resolved microwave conductivity analysis supports free charge generation with sum mobilities up to 4 × 10^–4 cm² V^–1 s^–1. Mixed halide (NDI-DAE)₂Pb(I_xBr_1–x)₄ films show modified inorganic layer band gaps and a photoluminescent reversed type I nanoheterostructure with high bromide content (e.g., for x = 0). At x = 0.5, transient absorption and microwave conductivity measurements provide strong evidence that selective visible-light absorbance by the NDI-DAE cation generates separated free carriers via hole transfer to the inorganic layer (leaving photogenerated electrons in the organic layer), which represents an important step toward enhancing light harvesting and affording the spatial separation of charge carrier transport in stable layered perovskite-based devices.