Long-term natural history in type II and III spinal muscular atrophy: a 4-year international study on the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded

Abstract

Background and purpose

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder caused by SMN1 gene mutations. Although studies on available disease-modifying treatments have reported their efficacy and safety, long-term natural history data are lacking for comparison. The aim of this prospective study was to report 4-year changes on the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) in type II and III SMA in relation to several variables such as age, functional status and SMN2 copy number.

Methods

The study involves retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from international datasets (Belgium, Italy, Spain, USA, UK). HFMSE longitudinal changes were analyzed using linear mixed effect models, examining annualized HFMSE change and its association with variables such as age at baseline, sex, motor function, SMN2 copy number.

Results

In SMA type II (n = 226), the 4-year mean change was −2.20 points. The largest mean changes were observed in sitters aged 5–14 years and the lowest in those who lost the ability to sit unsupported. In SMA type III (n = 162), the 4-year mean change was −2.75 points. The largest mean changes were in those aged 7–15 years, whilst the lowest were in those below 7 and in the SMA type IIIa subgroup over 15. Age and score at baseline were predictive of 4-year changes.

Conclusions

Our findings provide natural history reference data for comparison with long-term follow-up of clinical trials or real-world data, highlighting the need to define patterns of changes in smaller SMA subgroups instead of reporting mean changes across an entire SMA cohort.