Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Emergency Department Use Among Older Adults With Asthma and Primary Care Nurse Practitioner Work Environments.

Abstract

Background: Older adults from specific racial and ethnic minoritized groups experience disproportionately higher asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. They also often use emergency departments (EDs) to manage their asthma. High-quality primary care can improve asthma control and prevent ED use. Nurse practitioners (NPs) provide an increasing proportion of primary care to minoritized patients, yet often, they work in poor work environments that strain NP care.

Objectives: We examined whether racial and ethnic health disparities in ED visits among older adults with asthma are moderated by the NP work environment in primary care practices.

Methods: In 2018-2019, we used a cross-sectional design to collect survey data on NP work environments from 1,244 NPs in six geographically diverse states (i.e., Arizona, California, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington). We merged the survey data with 2018 Medicare claims data from 46,658 patients with asthma to assess the associations of all-cause and ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, ED visits with NPs' work environment, and race and ethnicity using logistic regression.

Results: More than one third of patients with asthma visited the ED in 1 year, and a quarter of them had an ambulatory care sensitive condition ED visit. Black and Hispanic patients were more likely than White patients to have all-cause and ambulatory care sensitive condition ED visits. NP work environment moderated the association of race with all-cause and ambulatory care sensitive condition ED visits among patients with asthma. Greater standardized NP work environment scores were associated with lower odds of all-cause and ambulatory care sensitive condition ED visits between Black and White patients.

Discussion: Disparities in ED visits between Black and White patients with asthma decrease when these patients receive care in care clinics with more favorable NP work environments. Preventing unnecessary ED visits among older adults with asthma is a likely benefit of favorable NP work environments. As the NP workforce grows, creating favorable work environments for NPs in primary care is vital for narrowing the health disparity gap.