Measuring income inequality via percentile relativities.

Abstract

The adage "the rich are getting richer" refers to increasingly skewed and heavily-tailed income distributions. For such distributions, the mean is not the best measure of the center, but the classical indices of income inequality, including the celebrated Gini index, are mean based. In view of this, it has been proposed in the literature to incorporate the median into the definition of the Gini index. In the present paper we make a further step in this direction and, to acknowledge the possibility of differing viewpoints, investigate three median-based indices of inequality. These indices overcome past limitations, such as: (1) they do not rely on the mean as the center of, or a reference point for, income distributions, which are skewed, and are getting even more heavily skewed; (2) they are suitable for populations of any degree of tail heaviness, and income distributions are becoming increasingly such; and (3) they are unchanged by, and even discourage, transfers among the rich persons, but they encourage transfers from the rich to the poor, as well as among the poor to alleviate their hardship. We study these indices analytically and numerically using various income distribution models. Real-world applications are showcased using capital incomes from 2001 and 2018 surveys from fifteen European countries.