Physical Insights into Electromagnetic Efficiency of Wireless Implantable Bioelectronics

Mingxiang Gao, Denys Nikolayev, Zvonimir Sipus, Anja K. Skrivervik
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Abstract

Autonomous implantable bioelectronics rely on wireless connectivity, necessitating highly efficient electromagnetic (EM) radiation systems. However, limitations in power, safety, and data transmission currently impede the advancement of innovative wireless medical devices, such as tetherless neural interfaces, electroceuticals, and surgical microrobots. To overcome these challenges and ensure sufficient link and power budgets for wireless implantable systems, this study explores the mechanisms behind EM radiation and losses, offering strategies to enhance radiation efficiency in wireless implantable bioelectronics. Using analytical modeling, the EM waves emitted by the implant are expanded as a series of spherical harmonics, enabling a detailed analysis of the radiation mechanisms. This framework is then extended to approximate absorption losses caused by the lossy and dispersive properties of tissues through derived analytical expressions. The radiation efficiency and in-body path loss are quantified and compared in terms of three primary loss mechanisms. The impact of various parameters on the EM efficiency of implantable devices is analyzed and quantified, including operating frequency, implant size, body-air interface curvature, and implantation location. Additionally, a rapid estimation technique is introduced to determine the optimal operating frequency for specific scenarios, along with a set of design principles aimed at improving radiation performance. The design strategies derived in this work - validated through numerical and experimental demonstrations on realistic implants - reveal a potential improvement in implant radiation efficiency or gain by a factor of five to ten, leading to a corresponding increase in overall link efficiency compared to conventional designs.
无线植入式生物电子器件电磁效率的物理启示
自主植入式生物电子学依赖于无线连接,因此需要高效的电磁辐射系统。然而,目前功率、安全性和数据传输方面的限制阻碍了创新型无线医疗设备的发展,如无系神经接口、电疗设备和外科微型机器人。为了克服这些挑战,确保无线植入系统有足够的链路和功率预算,本研究探讨了电磁辐射和损耗背后的机制,提出了提高无线植入生物电子学辐射效率的策略。通过分析建模,植入物发射的电磁波被扩展为一系列球面谐波,从而实现了对辐射机制的详细分析。然后,通过推导出的分析表达式,将这一框架扩展到由组织的损耗和色散特性引起的近似吸收损耗。根据三种主要损耗机制对辐射效率和体内路径损耗进行了量化和比较。分析并量化了各种参数对植入式设备电磁效率的影响,包括工作频率、植入物尺寸、体-气界面曲率和植入位置。此外,还介绍了一种快速估算技术,用于确定特定情况下的最佳工作频率,以及一套旨在改善辐射性能的设计原则。与传统设计相比,这项工作中得出的设计策略--通过在现实植入物上进行数值和实验演示验证--揭示了植入物辐射效率或增益提高五到十倍的潜力,从而相应地提高了整体链接效率。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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