Surveillance and control of neglected zoonotic diseases: methodological approaches to studying Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever and Brucellosis at the human-livestock-wildlife interface across diverse agricultural systems in Uganda

Dennison Kizito, Sam Tweed, Joseph Mutyaba, Nackson Babi, Swaib Lule, Gladys Nakanjako Kiggundu, Rory Gibb, Charity Angella Nassuna, Ronald Ssali Ogwal, Ebenezer Paul, Mercy Haumba, Collins Agaba, Phionah Katushabe, Eric Morris Enyel, Stephen Balinandi, Lydia Franklinos, Naomi Fuller, Leah Owen, Laura Ferguson, Deo Birungi Ndumu, Musa Sekammatte, Atimnedi Patrick, Luke Nyakarahuka, Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka, Ibrahim Abubakar, Nigel Field, Janet Seeley, Julius Julian Lutwama, COHRIE-Uganda Team
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background Zoonoses are of public health importance with most major emerging diseases originating in animal populations. Rift Valley Fever (RVF), Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) and Brucellosis are circulating in Uganda causing frequent outbreaks, but gaps exist in the understanding of transmission dynamics, community perspectives and effective mitigation strategies of these diseases. With increasing human-livestock-wildlife interaction in Uganda's biodiverse cattle corridor, this study protocol outlines an integrated One Health model to determine the burden of RVF, CCHF and Brucellosis, identify key vectors and reservoirs and assesses the impact of social and policy factors on disease distribution. Methods A series of mixed-methods cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys across six conservation areas experiencing high human-livestock-wildlife interaction spanning Uganda's Cattle Corridor: Queen Elizabeth National Park, Bwindi-Mgahinga Impenetrable Forest, Lake Mburo-Nakivaale, Murchison Falls, Kidepo Valley and Pian Upe Game Reserve. In selected villages household surveys comprise questionnaires, focus-group discussions and in-depth interviews to determine drivers of disease risk with blood-sampling of human population. Questionnaires provide detail on livestock practices and blood-sampling is conducted on cattle, sheep, pigs and goats. Targeted sampling of vectors in these localities including mosquitos, ticks and small mammals using environmental traps and on-host collection. Specimens taken from nearby large wildlife include blood sampling and nasal swabs. Serological testing using indirect ELISA and molecular testing using real-time PCR was conducted to determine disease status of RVF, CCHF and Brucellosis across humans, livestock and wildlife with eco-epi modelling and qualitative analyses used to inform risks and drivers of disease. Results Baseline survey data and blood specimens were obtained from 2894 humans residing in 1602 households across 96 villages in 6 conservation areas of Uganda. A further 379 community members participated in focus group discussions and key informant interviews with 978 reformed and active poachers across 4 conservation areas. 3692 livestock were sampled including 1925 cattle, 1409 goats, 282 sheep and 76 pigs from 358 herds. Vector data were collected for 18236 ticks, 53480 mosquitoes and 768 rodents. 241 large wildlife were sampled including buffalo, kobs, zebras, waterbucks, topi and hartebeest. 127 Community One Health Volunteers (COHVs) were enlisted to monitor and detect outbreaks in the study sites. Conclusions This paper outlines a comprehensive One Health approach to studying neglected zoonotic diseases integrating molecular epidemiology, social sciences and community participatory approaches involving humans, livestock, vectors and wildlife across 6 conservation areas in Uganda. It will inform interventions to enhance the surveillance and control of RVF, CCHF and Brucellosis including strengthening outbreak preparedness and response.
监测和控制被忽视的人畜共患疾病:研究乌干达不同农业系统中人-牲畜-野生动物界面上的裂谷热、克里米亚-刚果出血热和布鲁氏菌病的方法学方法
背景 动物传染病对公共卫生具有重要意义,大多数新出现的主要疾病都源于动物群体。裂谷热(Rift Valley Fever,RVF)、克里米亚-刚果出血热(Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever,CCHF)和布鲁氏菌病(Brucellosis)在乌干达流行,导致疫情频繁爆发,但人们对这些疾病的传播动态、社区观点和有效缓解策略的认识还存在差距。随着乌干达生物多样性丰富的牛群走廊中人类-牲畜-野生动物之间的互动日益频繁,本研究方案概述了一个综合的 "一体健康 "模式,以确定猩红热、白喉、破伤风和布鲁氏菌病的负担,确定主要的病媒和储库,并评估社会和政策因素对疾病分布的影响。方法 在跨越乌干达牛走廊的六个人类-牲畜-野生动物高度互动的保护区开展一系列混合方法横断面和纵向调查:伊丽莎白女王国家公园、布温迪-姆加欣加不可穿越森林、姆布罗湖-纳基瓦莱、默奇森瀑布、基德波山谷和皮安乌佩野生动物保护区。在选定的村庄,家庭调查包括问卷调查、焦点小组讨论和深入访谈,以确定疾病风险的驱动因素,并对人口进行血液采样。问卷调查提供有关家畜饲养方法的详细信息,并对牛、绵羊、猪和山羊进行血液采样。利用环境诱捕器和在宿主身上采集的方法,有针对性地对这些地区的病媒(包括蚊子、蜱虫和小型哺乳动物)进行采样。从附近大型野生动物身上采集的样本包括血液样本和鼻拭子。使用间接 ELISA 进行血清学检测,使用实时 PCR 进行分子检测,以确定人类、牲畜和野生动物的 RVF、CCHF 和布鲁氏菌病的疾病状况,并通过生态环境模拟和定性分析来了解疾病的风险和驱动因素。结果 获得了乌干达 6 个保护区 96 个村庄 1602 户家庭 2894 人的基线调查数据和血液标本。另有 379 名社区成员参加了焦点小组讨论,并与 4 个保护区的 978 名已改过自新和活跃的偷猎者进行了关键信息访谈。对 358 个畜群的 3692 头牲畜进行了采样,包括 1925 头牛、1409 只山羊、282 只绵羊和 76 头猪。收集了 18236 只蜱虫、53480 只蚊子和 768 只啮齿动物的病媒数据。对 241 种大型野生动物进行了采样,包括水牛、狍子、斑马、水鹿、topi 和驼鹿。招募了 127 名社区健康志愿者 (COHV) 对研究地点的疫情进行监测和检测。结论 本文概述了研究被忽视的人畜共患病的综合 "同一健康 "方法,该方法整合了分子流行病学、社会科学和社区参与方法,涉及乌干达 6 个保护区的人类、牲畜、病媒和野生动物。它将为干预措施提供信息,以加强对 RVF、CCHF 和布鲁氏菌病的监测和控制,包括加强疫情防备和应对。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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