The Relationship Between 10-Year Changes in Cognitive Control Beliefs and Cognitive Performance in Middle and Later Adulthood

The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI:10.1093/geronb/gbae155

Kylie A Schiloski, Margie E Lachman

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Abstract

Objectives The present study used a cross-lagged panel design with longitudinal data to test if there is a reciprocal relationship between cognitive control beliefs and cognition (e.g., executive functioning and episodic memory) over 10-years, whether frequency of engaging in stimulating cognitive activities mediated this relationship, and if these relationships varied by age. Methods Data were collected as part of the second (M2, 2004-05) and third (M3, 2013-14) waves of the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS). The analysis sample included 2,532 participants with all variables at M2 and M3. Participants’ ages ranged from 33 to 83 (M=54.92, SD=11.13) at M2. Results There was a reciprocal relationship between cognitive control beliefs and executive functioning. Higher executive functioning was related to greater maintenance of cognitive control beliefs for older, not younger, adults. Higher cognitive control beliefs were related to less decline in executive functioning. Though cognitive control beliefs predicted 10-year changes in episodic memory, the inverse relationship was not supported. Frequency of engaging in stimulating cognitive activities mediated the relationship between executive functioning and 10-year changes in cognitive control beliefs, but not cognitive control beliefs and 10-year changes in cognition. Conclusions Cognitive control beliefs are a promising mechanism to help protect against age-related declines in both executive functioning and episodic memory. Moreover, executive functioning also impacts cognitive control beliefs. Specifically, those with higher executive functioning engage more frequently in stimulating cognitive activities, which helps maintain higher cognitive control beliefs.

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认知控制信念的 10 年变化与中后期认知表现之间的关系

目的本研究采用交叉滞后面板设计和纵向数据，以检验认知控制信念与认知能力（如执行功能和外显记忆）之间在 10 年内是否存在相互关系，参与刺激性认知活动的频率是否对这种关系起中介作用，以及这些关系是否因年龄而异。方法数据收集于美国中年研究（MIDUS）的第二波（M2，2004-05 年）和第三波（M3，2013-14 年）。分析样本包括 2,532 名参与者，所有变量均为 M2 和 M3。在 M2 阶段，参与者的年龄从 33 岁到 83 岁不等（M=54.92，SD=11.13）。结果认知控制信念与执行功能之间存在相互关系。对于老年人而非年轻人来说，较高的执行功能与较强的认知控制信念的维持有关。认知控制信念越高，执行功能下降越少。虽然认知控制信念预示着10年后外显记忆的变化，但反向关系并不成立。参与刺激性认知活动的频率能调节执行功能与认知控制信念10年变化之间的关系，但不能调节认知控制信念与认知10年变化之间的关系。结论认知控制信念是一种很有希望的机制，有助于防止与年龄有关的执行功能和外显记忆的衰退。此外，执行功能也会影响认知控制信念。具体来说，执行功能较强的人更频繁地参与刺激性认知活动，这有助于维持较高的认知控制信念。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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The Journals of Gerontology: Series B

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