Analyzing the chemical composition, morphology and size of ice-nucleating particles by coupling a scanning electron microscope to an offline diffusion chamber

IF 3.2 3区 地球科学 Q2 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
Lisa Schneider, Jann Schrod, Daniel Weber, Heinz Bingemer, Konrad Kandler, Joachim Curtius, Martin Ebert
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Abstract

Abstract. To understand and predict the formation of clouds and rain and their influence on our climate, it is crucial to know the characteristics and abundance of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. As the ice-nucleating efficiency is a result of individual particle properties, a detailed knowledge on these properties is essential. Here, we present an offline method for the comprehensive analysis of ambient INPs that benefits from the combination of two instruments already used for ice nucleation measurements. First, the aerosol is sampled on silicon wafers. INPs are then activated at different temperature and humidity conditions in the deposition nucleation and condensation freezing mode using a static diffusion chamber. Activated INPs are located in a coordinate system, which allows for recovery of the individual particles causing the nucleation in a scanning electron microscope. Here, the size, chemistry and morphology of the particles are identified. Finally, the INPs are classified into categories based on their measured properties. As a result, a size resolved spectrum of the INP classes can be determined. The performance of this coupling method is investigated in a case study on samples from the high-altitude field side Jungfraujoch (JFJ), Switzerland. 200 individual INPs from 14 samples obtained during a 5-week period were classified. Most deposition nucleation / condensation freezing mode INPs from Jungfraujoch, activated at −30 °C, were of irregular shape and had projected area diameters in the range from 300 nm to 35 µm, with a distinct maximum at 1–2 µm. A major contribution of mineral particles, mainly aluminosilicates / Al-rich particles, but also carbonates and silica, was identified for the entire INP size spectrum at −30°C. Further contributions were from carbon-rich particles, consisting of both smaller soot particles and larger biological particles. Mixed particles, here mostly particles rich in Al and C, were identified in higher abundances primarily between 3 µm and 9 µm. Minor contributions were seen from sulfates and metal oxides, with the latter ones found with increased proportion in the size range below 500 nm. Such results are useful for evaluating INP type-specific parametrizations, e.g., for use in atmospheric modeling, and in closure studies.
将扫描电子显微镜与离线扩散室联用,分析冰核颗粒的化学成分、形态和大小
摘要要了解和预测云雨的形成及其对气候的影响,了解大气中冰核粒子(INPs)的特性和丰度至关重要。由于成冰效率是单个粒子特性的结果,因此详细了解这些特性至关重要。在这里,我们介绍一种离线方法,用于全面分析环境中的 INPs,这种方法得益于两种已用于冰核测量的仪器的结合。首先,在硅片上对气溶胶进行取样。然后,在不同的温度和湿度条件下,使用静态扩散室以沉积成核和凝结冻结模式激活 INPs。活化的 INPs 位于一个坐标系中,这样就可以在扫描电子显微镜中复原导致成核的单个颗粒。在这里,可以确定颗粒的大小、化学性质和形态。最后,根据测得的特性对 INPs 进行分类。因此,可以确定 INP 类别的尺寸分辨光谱。通过对瑞士少女峰(Jungfraujoch,JFJ)高海拔地区样本的案例研究,考察了这种耦合方法的性能。对 5 周时间内采集的 14 个样本中的 200 个 INP 进行了分类。来自少女峰的大多数沉积成核/凝结冷冻模式 INPs 都是在 -30 °C 下激活的,形状不规则,投影面积直径在 300 nm 到 35 µm 之间,最大值在 1-2 µm 之间。在零下 30 °C的整个 INP 尺寸谱中,矿物颗粒占了很大比例,主要是铝硅酸盐/富铝颗粒,但也有碳酸盐和二氧化硅。此外,还有一些富碳颗粒,包括较小的煤烟颗粒和较大的生物颗粒。混合颗粒(这里主要是富含铝和碳的颗粒)的丰度较高,主要在 3 微米到 9 微米之间。硫酸盐和金属氧化物的贡献较小,其中金属氧化物在 500 nm 以下的粒度范围中所占比例较高。这些结果有助于评估 INP 类型的特定参数,例如用于大气建模和闭合研究。
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来源期刊
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES-
CiteScore
7.10
自引率
18.40%
发文量
331
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT) is an international scientific journal dedicated to the publication and discussion of advances in remote sensing, in-situ and laboratory measurement techniques for the constituents and properties of the Earth’s atmosphere. The main subject areas comprise the development, intercomparison and validation of measurement instruments and techniques of data processing and information retrieval for gases, aerosols, and clouds. The manuscript types considered for peer-reviewed publication are research articles, review articles, and commentaries.
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