Influence of 2-D/3-D Urban Morphology on Diurnal Land Surface Temperature From the Perspective of Functional Zones

Abstract

Optimizing the spatial distribution of urban functional zones (UFZs) effectively improves the thermal environment. This study utilized an enhanced regression tree model and relied on Ecosystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment data to analyze the relative contributions and marginal effects of 2-D/3-D urban morphological factors on the diurnal land surface temperature (LST) in Shenyang, China. The results showed that public and residential areas dominated Shenyang's UFZs. The temperature in industrial areas was the highest during the day, and residential and commercial functional areas are high-temperature concentration areas. Furthermore, the effects of the urban spatial morphology on the LST differed between diverse time points and UFZs. The digital elevation model and the normalized difference vegetation index contributed significantly to daytime and nighttime LSTs. Construction indicators, such as the normalized difference built-up index and the proportion of construction land, significantly impacted commercial services. Residential daytime LST had a large contribution value, and the sum of its contribution rates reached approximately 30%. Population greatly contributed to the nighttime LST of the industrial and residential zones, accounting for 16.77% and 22.06%, respectively. Vegetation contributed to the cooling effect on daytime LST in summer, especially in industrial areas, contributing 29.79%. In addition, 3-D indicators, such as building height and building density, contributed to diurnal LST. Finally, when the proportion of construction land reached approximately 45%, it negatively affected LST. In this study, the main factors affecting day and night LSTs were identified, and this work acts as a relevant strategic reference for alleviating the urban heat island effect.