Ternary hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer at a permeable stretching sheet with slip boundary conditions

Abstract

This study investigates the optimization of heat transfer using a ternary hybrid nanofluid, an innovative advancement in nanofluid technology. The primary objective is to analyze the effects of first-order boundary slip conditions, thermal radiation, porous media, viscous dissipation, and Joule heating on the thermal dynamics of the nanofluid. The ternary hybrid nanofluid, consisting of silver (Ag), titanium dioxide (\(TiO_2\)), and alumina (\(Al_2O_3\)) nanoparticles suspended in water (\(H_2O\)), is selected for its potential to enhance heat transfer and thermal efficiency in various applications, including cooling systems, food processing, and refrigeration. The research employs magneto-hydrodynamics combined with the ternary hybrid nanofluid to improve energy and mass transfer processes. Through a similarity transformation, the governing equations are converted into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which are then solved numerically using the shooting technique integrated with MATLAB. Graphical representations and tabulated data illustrate the impact of different parameters on velocity and temperature fields, skin-friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number. Key findings indicate that increased values of radiation and magnetic parameters result in a thicker thermal boundary layer. The study also reveals that the velocity of the hybrid nanofluid can be effectively controlled by adjusting the magnetic field, porous media, and nanoparticle volume fraction. Notably, the ternary hybrid nanofluid (\(Ag-Al_2O_3-TiO_2/H_2O\)) demonstrates superior performance compared to hybrid nanofluids with a single component (\(Ag-Al_2O_3/H_2O\)). Comparisons with pre-existing data show favorable alignment, underscoring the robustness of the results. This research has significant implications for engineering, healthcare, and biomedical technology.