Historical Study of the Graduates of the Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery, a Program for Black Nurses.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To increase awareness of the contributions of Black nurses to midwifery and to provide an understanding of how initiatives in the past address racial disparities in maternal health that are still relevant today. DESIGN Historical research. SETTING The Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery. DATA SOURCES Thirty-one Black nurse-midwives who graduated from the Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery and oral histories of two of these graduates. METHODS Historical research that involved locating and analyzing primary and secondary sources about the graduates of the Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery from 1941 to 1946; the oral histories conducted with two graduates are examples of primary sources. RESULTS The Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery opened September 15, 1941, in Tuskegee, Alabama. The purpose of the school was to educate Black nurses in midwifery to address maternal health in the Black communities where the maternal and infant mortality rates were greatest. By the end of the second year of the program, the maternal mortality rate declined from 8.5 per 1,000 live births to 0, and the infant mortality rate decreased from 45.9 per 1,000 to 14 among the women served in Macon County. However, the school closed in 1946 after graduating 31 Black nurse-midwives. CONCLUSION The history of early Black nurse-midwives is relevant to the disciplines of nursing, midwifery, and public health. The Tuskegee graduates obtained an education in a relatively new and evolving profession during a time when racism and discrimination in education, financial opportunity, and housing profoundly affected the health and well-being of Black communities. These factors continue to contribute to racial disparities in maternal health and create barriers for those in the Black community who want to become nurses or midwives. The challenges and successes Black nurse-midwives experienced are significant to the present day, but their stories are often not told.