The impact performance of density-graded polyurea elastomeric foams

IF 16.4 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
George Youssef, Mark Smeets, Behrad Koohbor
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Abstract

The overarching goal in sports gears to achieve higher levels of impact protection without an increased weight penalty motivated the pursuit of density gradation in cellular solids. The research reported herein studied the impact performance of density-graded polyurea elastomeric foams, including different gradation and interfacing strategies. The latter leveraged the natural adhesion properties of polyurea foam slurry to sequentially assemble graded structures with seamless interfaces. Moreover, conventional discretely graded polyurea foam structures were manufactured using bulk polyurea adhesive by individually bonding pre-fabricated sheets. Six density-graded foam configurations were characterized, including bi- and tri-layered foams with naturally bonded or adhered interfaces. Additionally, standard mono-density polyurea and another benchmark foams were tested as controls. Extracted samples were submitted to impact loading using an instrumented drop weight tower. The impact efficacy of the foams was analyzed using three dynamic performance metrics (DPMs), including the specific energy absorptivity (SEA), absorption efficiency, and local buckling-induced undulation, based on the averaged stress-strain response. The mono-density polyurea foam reported the largest SEA, outperforming all density-graded foam configurations. The limited density gradation is attributed to the inferior performance of graded structures. A brief biomechanics case study is presented to assess the potential interrelationship between the investigated foam structures and the head injury criterion (HIC), showing the superior performance of adhered trilayer polyurea foams. Finally, the average stress-strain responses were fitted using an empirical model, elucidating the effect of strain rates and base materials on their overall impact behavior.
密度分级聚脲弹性泡沫的冲击性能
运动装备的首要目标是在不增加重量的情况下实现更高水平的抗冲击保护,这促使人们对蜂窝状固体的密度分级进行研究。本文研究了密度分级聚脲弹性泡沫的冲击性能,包括不同的分级和界面策略。后者利用聚脲泡沫浆料的天然粘附特性,按顺序组装出具有无缝接口的分级结构。此外,传统的离散分级聚脲泡沫结构是使用散装聚脲粘合剂,通过单独粘合预制薄片来制造的。对六种密度分级泡沫结构进行了鉴定,包括具有自然粘合或粘合界面的双层和三层泡沫。此外,还测试了标准单密度聚脲和另一种基准泡沫作为对照。提取的样品使用仪器落重塔进行冲击加载。根据平均应力应变响应,使用三个动态性能指标(DPM)分析了泡沫的冲击功效,包括比能量吸收率(SEA)、吸收效率和局部屈曲引起的起伏。单密度聚脲泡沫的比能量吸收率最大,优于所有密度分级泡沫配置。密度分级有限是分级结构性能较差的原因。为了评估所研究的泡沫结构与头部损伤标准(HIC)之间的潜在相互关系,还进行了一项简短的生物力学案例研究,结果表明粘附三层聚脲泡沫的性能更优。最后,利用经验模型拟合了平均应力-应变响应,阐明了应变率和基础材料对整体冲击行为的影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Accounts of Chemical Research
Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
31.40
自引率
1.10%
发文量
312
审稿时长
2 months
期刊介绍: Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.
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