Closed-loop control of active nematic flows

Katsu Nishiyama, John Berezney, Michael M. Norton, Akshit Aggarwal, Saptorshi Ghosh, Michael F. Hagan, Zvonimir Dogic, Seth Fraden
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Abstract

Living things enact control of non-equilibrium, dynamical structures through complex biochemical networks, accomplishing spatiotemporally-orchestrated physiological tasks such as cell division, motility, and embryogenesis. While the exact minimal mechanisms needed to replicate these behaviors using synthetic active materials are unknown, controlling the complex, often chaotic, dynamics of active materials is essential to their implementation as engineered life-like materials. Here, we demonstrate the use of external feedback control to regulate and control the spatially-averaged speed of a model active material with time-varying actuation through applied light. We systematically vary the controller parameters to analyze the steady-state flow speed and temporal fluctuations, finding the experimental results in excellent agreement with predictions from both a minimal coarse-grained model and full nematohydrodynamic simulations. Our findings demonstrate that proportional-integral control can effectively regulate the dynamics of active nematics in light of challenges posed by the constituents, such as sample aging, protein aggregation, and sample-to-sample variability. As in living things, deviations of active materials from their steady-state behavior can arise from internal processes and we quantify the important consequences of this coupling on the controlled behavior of the active nematic. Finally, the interaction between the controller and the intrinsic timescales of the active material can induce oscillatory behaviors in a regime of parameter space that qualitatively matches predictions from our model. This work underscores the potential of feedback control in manipulating the complex dynamics of active matter, paving the way for more sophisticated control strategies in the design of responsive, life-like materials.
主动向列流动的闭环控制
生物通过复杂的生化网络对非平衡态动态结构进行控制,完成时空协调的生理任务,如细胞分裂、运动和胚胎发育。虽然利用合成活性材料复制这些行为所需的最小精确机制尚不清楚,但控制活性材料的复杂(通常是混沌)动力学对其作为类生命工程材料的实现至关重要。在这里,我们展示了利用外部反馈控制来调节和控制模型活性材料的空间平均速度,并通过施加光进行时变驱动。我们系统地改变了控制器参数,分析了稳态流速和时间波动,发现实验结果与最小粗粒度模型和全流体力学模拟的预测结果非常一致。我们的研究结果表明,比例积分控制可以有效地调节活动动力学的动态变化,以应对样本老化、蛋白质聚集和样本间变异性等成分带来的挑战。与生命体一样,活性材料偏离其稳态行为可能源于内部过程,我们量化了这种耦合对活性向列控制行为的重要影响。最后,控制器与活性材料固有时间尺度之间的相互作用会在参数空间的某一范围内诱发振荡行为,而这一范围与我们模型的预测结果基本吻合。这项研究强调了反馈控制在操纵活性物质复杂动力学方面的潜力,为设计反应灵敏、栩栩如生的材料时采用更复杂的控制策略铺平了道路。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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