Comprehensive Review of Adverse Effects in Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Procedures: Insights from a Decade of Clinical Data

Abstract

Introduction: Minimally invasive cosmetic procedures are medical interventions that do not involve the use of surgical incisions. They are usually based on the administration of biocompatible compounds into subcutaneous or dermal tissue. Although considered low-risk, they can have significant adverse effects such as tissue damage or occlusion of superficial blood vessels. Describing their complications is necessary to ensure the responsible use of these resources. Objective: To describe the adverse effects secondary to the use of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Materials and Methods: Studies describing the adverse effects of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar from January 2012 to December 2023. Results: A total of 98 articles were included. The administration of hyaluronic acid, botulinum toxin, silicone, and autologous fat grafts were the most commonly used procedures. Local symptoms were the most commonly reported reactions (53 studies). Meanwhile, temporary or permanent blindness was reported in 10 studies, immunological alterations in 8, severe pulmonary involvement in 6, neurological damage in 5, arterial occlusion in 3, and 2 studies reported fatalities. Conclusion: Minimally invasive cosmetic procedures can cause local complications in the majority of cases, but they can also lead to fatal outcomes, particularly in unprofessional settings. Undergoing these techniques requires a comprehensive professional assessment and close follow-up by licensed personnel.