Madasu Sreenivasulu, Shweta J. Malode, Abdullah N. Alodhayb, Nagaraj P. Shetti
{"title":"Exfoliated 2-D Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Electrochemical Detection of the Antiviral Drug Valganciclovir","authors":"Madasu Sreenivasulu, Shweta J. Malode, Abdullah N. Alodhayb, Nagaraj P. Shetti","doi":"10.1007/s12678-024-00887-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The research focuses on creating an innovative graphitic carbon nitride electrochemical sensor (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) for the precise and sensitive detection of the antiviral medication valganciclovir (VCR), also known as Valcyte. VCR is an antiviral medication used to treat diseases, including CMV retinitis, and to protect transplant patients against CMV infection by stopping the virus from spreading. This drug is typically given to patients with weak immune systems, HIV/AIDS, and organ transplants. Though VCR provides numerous benefits, it must be administered with caution as it can cause allergic reactions and renal damage. A modified carbon paste electrode called g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/CPE has demonstrated remarkable electrocatalytic activity in oxidizing varying levels of chlorine radiation. Various methods were employed to characterize the created g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The sensor has a detection range of 1 to 16 µM, which makes it more sensitive than traditional drug detection techniques. It can detect as low as 0.88 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M under ideal experimental conditions. The sensor’s ability to identify VCR using g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> was tested using amperometric i-t curve analysis. The EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) was employed to investigate the electrochemical features of many electrodes. The comparable <i>R</i><sub>ct</sub> values were 3114 Ω, 13,770 Ω, and 3794 Ω for g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/CPE, bare GCE, and bare CPE, respectively. During the test, various commonly used interferents and drugs were introduced to the VCR solution to examine the influence of foreign interferents on the outcomes. Various electrokinetic factors were examined to explore the electrochemical behavior of VCR. Environmental monitoring, drug analysis, and clinical diagnostics benefited from successfully using the generated g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/CPE. Additionally, it can play a vital role in creating new and efficient methods for antiviral drug VCR determination.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":535,"journal":{"name":"Electrocatalysis","volume":"15 6","pages":"456 - 473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Electrocatalysis","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12678-024-00887-6","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The research focuses on creating an innovative graphitic carbon nitride electrochemical sensor (g-C3N4) for the precise and sensitive detection of the antiviral medication valganciclovir (VCR), also known as Valcyte. VCR is an antiviral medication used to treat diseases, including CMV retinitis, and to protect transplant patients against CMV infection by stopping the virus from spreading. This drug is typically given to patients with weak immune systems, HIV/AIDS, and organ transplants. Though VCR provides numerous benefits, it must be administered with caution as it can cause allergic reactions and renal damage. A modified carbon paste electrode called g-C3N4/CPE has demonstrated remarkable electrocatalytic activity in oxidizing varying levels of chlorine radiation. Various methods were employed to characterize the created g-C3N4, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The sensor has a detection range of 1 to 16 µM, which makes it more sensitive than traditional drug detection techniques. It can detect as low as 0.88 × 10−8 M under ideal experimental conditions. The sensor’s ability to identify VCR using g-C3N4 was tested using amperometric i-t curve analysis. The EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) was employed to investigate the electrochemical features of many electrodes. The comparable Rct values were 3114 Ω, 13,770 Ω, and 3794 Ω for g-C3N4/CPE, bare GCE, and bare CPE, respectively. During the test, various commonly used interferents and drugs were introduced to the VCR solution to examine the influence of foreign interferents on the outcomes. Various electrokinetic factors were examined to explore the electrochemical behavior of VCR. Environmental monitoring, drug analysis, and clinical diagnostics benefited from successfully using the generated g-C3N4/CPE. Additionally, it can play a vital role in creating new and efficient methods for antiviral drug VCR determination.
期刊介绍:
Electrocatalysis is cross-disciplinary in nature, and attracts the interest of chemists, physicists, biochemists, surface and materials scientists, and engineers. Electrocatalysis provides the unique international forum solely dedicated to the exchange of novel ideas in electrocatalysis for academic, government, and industrial researchers. Quick publication of new results, concepts, and inventions made involving Electrocatalysis stimulates scientific discoveries and breakthroughs, promotes the scientific and engineering concepts that are critical to the development of novel electrochemical technologies.
Electrocatalysis publishes original submissions in the form of letters, research papers, review articles, book reviews, and educational papers. Letters are preliminary reports that communicate new and important findings. Regular research papers are complete reports of new results, and their analysis and discussion. Review articles critically and constructively examine development in areas of electrocatalysis that are of broad interest and importance. Educational papers discuss important concepts whose understanding is vital to advances in theoretical and experimental aspects of electrochemical reactions.