Rare legumes are missing mutualists, but herbivory and environmental filtering are more important determinants of reintroduction success

IF 2.8 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY
Emily Galloway, Paul A. Price, Emily Grman, Jonathan T. Bauer
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Abstract

Soil microbial mutualists like rhizobia bacteria can promote the establishment of rare, late‐successional legumes. Despite restoration efforts, these mutualists are often absent in the microbiome. Therefore, restoring this mutualism by directly inoculating rare legumes with rhizobia mutualists may increase plant establishment. We inoculated seedlings of Amorpha canescens, Dalea purpurea, and Lespedeza capitata with three strains of species‐specific rhizobia each to investigate how this mutualism would promote growth in the field and in the greenhouse. Because many herbaceous plants are vulnerable to herbivory, we used exclosures for half of our field transplantations to prevent mammalian herbivory. We did not find that rhizobia bacteria directly promoted the growth of our legumes in the field but rather that herbivory and environmental conditions overwhelmed the effects of the rhizobia. Of the plants transplanted, only 17.78% of 180 survived to the end of the growing season, all of which were protected from herbivory. Survival at the end of the growing season was also greater in the northern, drier end of the field site. In the second growing season, plants were more likely to survive in the exclosure treatment, while only four recovered in the open treatment. In the greenhouse, we found increased nodulation with inoculations, supporting the hypothesis that species‐specific mutualists are absent from restoration sites. Though several recent studies have shown that restoring mutualistic interactions has the potential to dramatically improve the outcomes of ecological restoration, our results show that protecting rare species from herbivory after transplantation might achieve greater gains in establishment.
稀有豆科植物缺少互助者,但食草动物和环境过滤是决定重新引入成功与否的更重要因素
根瘤菌等土壤微生物互助者可以促进稀有的晚生豆科植物的生长。尽管在恢复方面做出了努力,但微生物组中往往不存在这些互生菌。因此,通过直接给稀有豆科植物接种根瘤菌来恢复这种互生关系可能会提高植物的成活率。我们分别给 Amorpha canescens、Dalea purpurea 和 Lespedeza capitata 的幼苗接种了三株物种特异性根瘤菌,以研究这种互生关系如何在田间和温室中促进生长。由于许多草本植物容易受到食草动物的侵害,我们在一半的田间移植中使用了围栏,以防止哺乳动物的食草动物侵害。我们没有发现根瘤菌直接促进了豆科植物在田间的生长,而是发现草食性动物和环境条件压倒了根瘤菌的作用。在移植的 180 株植物中,只有 17.78% 的植物存活到了生长季末,所有这些植物都受到了草食动物的保护。在田间地头较干燥的北部,生长季结束时的存活率也更高。在第二个生长季,封闭处理中的植株存活率更高,而开放处理中只有四株植株存活。在温室中,我们发现接种后的结瘤率增加了,这支持了物种特异性互生者在恢复地点不存在的假设。虽然最近的几项研究表明,恢复互惠相互作用有可能显著改善生态恢复的结果,但我们的研究结果表明,在移植后保护稀有物种免受草食性动物的侵害,可能会在建立生态方面取得更大的收益。
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来源期刊
Restoration Ecology
Restoration Ecology 环境科学-生态学
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
15.60%
发文量
226
审稿时长
12-24 weeks
期刊介绍: Restoration Ecology fosters the exchange of ideas among the many disciplines involved with ecological restoration. Addressing global concerns and communicating them to the international research community and restoration practitioners, the journal is at the forefront of a vital new direction in science, ecology, and policy. Original papers describe experimental, observational, and theoretical studies on terrestrial, marine, and freshwater systems, and are considered without taxonomic bias. Contributions span the natural sciences, including ecological and biological aspects, as well as the restoration of soil, air and water when set in an ecological context; and the social sciences, including cultural, philosophical, political, educational, economic and historical aspects. Edited by a distinguished panel, the journal continues to be a major conduit for researchers to publish their findings in the fight to not only halt ecological damage, but also to ultimately reverse it.
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