Gynaecological health patterns and motherhood experiences of female professional football players

Dimakatso Ramagole, Dina Christa Janse van Rensburg, Charlotte Cowie, Ritan Mehta, Gopika Ramkilawon, Babette Pluim, Gino Kerkhoffs, Vincent Gouttebarge
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Abstract

Abstract Aims: To explore health patterns in female professional football players in the domains of gynaecological health patterns, contraceptive use, body perception and motherhood experiences, including return to play after childbirth. Methods: An online questionnaire was emailed to active female professional football players via email. Participants were asked about their menstrual cycle,contraception use and motherhood. Validated questionnaires were used to assess body dissatisfaction (BD) and drive for thinness (DT). Results: A total of 74 female professional football players were enrolled. The mean age at menarche was 13.5 years, average cycle length of 26 days and a bleeding period of 5 days. Cycle irregularities were experienced by 30% of participants, and menstrual symptoms by 74%. Half of the participants used contraceptives, with 60% using hormonal contraceptives, primarily oral contraceptive pills (38%), followed by implants (20%). Participants had a normal BD score, but a higher-than-expected DT score. The motherhood rate was low (1%), with normal conception, vaginal delivery, return to training after 6 weeks, and return to competition after 12 weeks. Conclusion: Cycle irregularities are common in female professional football players, with a significant number of cycle-related symptoms. The majority on contraceptives preferred hormonal contraceptives, especially oral contraceptive pills (OCP) followed by implants, reflecting trends seen in elite athletes gynaecological health. While body satisfaction scores were normal, there was an unexpectedly high drive-for-thinness score, similar to that observed in lean or weight-category sports. The rate of motherhood was low, consistent with previous findings in professional football players.
职业足球女运动员的妇科健康模式和孕产经验
摘要 目的:探讨职业女足运动员在妇科健康模式、避孕药具使用、身体感知和母亲经历(包括产后重返赛场)等方面的健康模式:方法:通过电子邮件向现役职业女足运动员发送在线问卷。方法:通过电子邮件向现役职业女足运动员发送了一份在线问卷,询问了她们的月经周期、避孕措施使用情况和母亲身份。结果:共有 74 名职业女足运动员参加了调查:结果:共有 74 名女性职业足球运动员参加了调查。月经初潮的平均年龄为 13.5 岁,平均周期长度为 26 天,出血期为 5 天。30%的参与者出现月经不调,74%的参与者出现月经症状。半数参与者使用避孕药具,其中 60% 使用激素避孕药,主要是口服避孕药(38%),其次是皮下埋植避孕药(20%)。参与者的 BD 评分正常,但 DT 评分高于预期。孕产率很低(1%),正常受孕、阴道分娩、6 周后恢复训练、12 周后恢复比赛:结论:生理周期不规律在职业女足运动员中很常见,并伴有大量与生理周期相关的症状。大多数服用避孕药物的人首选激素避孕药,尤其是口服避孕药(OCP),其次是皮下埋植避孕药,这反映了精英运动员妇科健康的趋势。虽然身体满意度得分正常,但瘦身驱动力得分却出乎意料地高,这与瘦身或体重分类运动中观察到的情况类似。孕产率很低,这与之前对职业足球运动员的研究结果一致。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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