A cross-sectional study on phlebotomine sand flies in relation to disease transmission in the Republic of Kosovo

IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY
Betim Xhekaj, Ina Hoxha, Katharina Platzgummer, Jovana Stefanovska, Vít Dvořák, Markus Milchram, Adelheid G. Obwaller, Wolfgang Poeppl, Nesade Muja-Bajraktari, Julia Walochnik, Attila J. Trájer, Kurtesh Sherifi, Aleksandar Cvetkovikj, Edwin Kniha
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Abstract

Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are blood-feeding insects that transmit the protozoan parasites Leishmania spp. and various arboviruses. The Balkan region, including the Republic of Kosovo, harbours a diverse sand fly fauna. Vector species of Leishmania infantum as well as phleboviruses are endemic; however, recent data are scarce. We performed a cross-sectional study to update the current sand fly distribution in Kosovo and assess biological as well as environmental factors associated with sand fly presence. CDC light trapping was conducted at 46 locations in 2022 and 2023, specifically targeting understudied regions in Kosovo. Individual morphological species identification was supported by molecular barcoding. The occurrence data of sand flies was used to create distribution maps and perform environmental analyses, taking elevation, wind speed and climate-related factors into account. In addition, PCR-based blood meal analysis and pathogen screening were conducted. Overall, 303 specimens of six sand fly species were trapped, predominated by Phlebotomus neglectus (97%). Barcodes from eight of nine known endemic sand fly species were obtained. Combining our data with previous surveys, we mapped the currently known sand fly distribution based on more than 4000 specimens at 177 data points, identifying Ph. neglectus and Ph. perfiliewi as the predominant species. Environmental analyses depicted two geographical groups of sand flies in Kosovo, with notable differences between the species. In total, 223 blood meals of five sand fly species were analysed. Of seven identified host species, the predominant blood meal source was observed to be cattle, but the DNA of dogs and humans, among others, was also detected. This study assessed biological as well as ecological factors of sand fly occurrence, which should help better understand and evaluate potential hot spots of disease transmission in Kosovo.

Abstract Image

关于科索沃共和国沙蝇与疾病传播关系的横断面研究
沙蝇(双翅目:灵蝇科:Phlebotominae)是一种吸血昆虫,传播原生动物寄生虫利什曼原虫和各种虫媒病毒。包括科索沃共和国在内的巴尔干地区栖息着种类繁多的沙蝇。幼年利什曼原虫的传播媒介物种以及蚜虫病毒是当地的流行病;然而,近期的数据却很少。我们进行了一项横断面研究,以更新目前沙蝇在科索沃的分布情况,并评估与沙蝇存在相关的生物和环境因素。2022 年和 2023 年,我们在 46 个地点进行了 CDC 灯光诱捕,专门针对科索沃研究不足的地区。通过分子条形码对个体形态物种进行鉴定。沙蝇的出现数据被用于绘制分布图和进行环境分析,并将海拔、风速和气候相关因素考虑在内。此外,还进行了基于 PCR 的血粉分析和病原体筛选。总体而言,共捕获了六种沙蝇的 303 个标本,其中主要是被忽视的沙蝇(Phlebotomus neglectus,占 97%)。获得了九种已知地方性沙蝇中八种的条形码。将我们的数据与之前的调查相结合,我们根据 177 个数据点的 4000 多份标本绘制了目前已知的沙蝇分布图,确定沙蝇的主要种类是忽视蝇和全翅沙蝇。环境分析描绘了科索沃沙蝇的两个地理群组,不同物种之间存在明显差异。共分析了五种沙蝇的 223 次血餐。在已确定的七个宿主物种中,观察到最主要的血餐来源是牛,但也检测到狗和人等的 DNA。这项研究评估了沙蝇发生的生物和生态因素,有助于更好地了解和评估科索沃潜在的疾病传播热点。
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来源期刊
Medical and Veterinary Entomology
Medical and Veterinary Entomology 农林科学-昆虫学
CiteScore
3.70
自引率
5.30%
发文量
65
审稿时长
12-24 weeks
期刊介绍: Medical and Veterinary Entomology is the leading periodical in its field. The Journal covers the biology and control of insects, ticks, mites and other arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. The main strengths of the Journal lie in the fields of: -epidemiology and transmission of vector-borne pathogens changes in vector distribution that have impact on the pathogen transmission- arthropod behaviour and ecology- novel, field evaluated, approaches to biological and chemical control methods- host arthropod interactions. Please note that we do not consider submissions in forensic entomology.
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