Jared Durnford, Ming Wei Lee, Rajat Bhattacharyya, Prasad Iyer
{"title":"Pediatric Cold Agglutinin Syndrome in the Post-COVID19 Era","authors":"Jared Durnford, Ming Wei Lee, Rajat Bhattacharyya, Prasad Iyer","doi":"10.1007/s12288-024-01835-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Purpose: This case series describes an increase in the incidence of cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) in children in Singapore following relaxation of COVID-19-related non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs). Methods: Clinical data of patients diagnosed with CAS from November 2022 to October 2023 following the relaxation of NPIs in October 2022 were collected retrospectively. Data on the number of CAS cases diagnosed before the pandemic (2018–2019) and during the pandemic (January 2020-October 2022) were collected. Results: Thirteen patients were diagnosed with CAS from November 2022 to October 2023, as compared to zero cases diagnosed during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were also more cases than before the pandemic (one case in 2018 and three cases in 2019). The median age of the 13 patients was 4.6 years (range 1.8–12 years). The most commonly detected virus was rhinovirus/enterovirus (54%). Nine children required red cell transfusions. Five patients received corticosteroids. Conclusion: An increase in the number of pediatric CAS cases has been observed since the COVID-19 pandemic. This may be due to an overall increase in viral infections due to the immunity debt from COVID-19 related NPIs. Another possible explanation is the “hygienist theory, ” which postulates a causal relationship between the decline in infections and increase in immunological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":13314,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12288-024-01835-6","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Purpose: This case series describes an increase in the incidence of cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) in children in Singapore following relaxation of COVID-19-related non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs). Methods: Clinical data of patients diagnosed with CAS from November 2022 to October 2023 following the relaxation of NPIs in October 2022 were collected retrospectively. Data on the number of CAS cases diagnosed before the pandemic (2018–2019) and during the pandemic (January 2020-October 2022) were collected. Results: Thirteen patients were diagnosed with CAS from November 2022 to October 2023, as compared to zero cases diagnosed during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were also more cases than before the pandemic (one case in 2018 and three cases in 2019). The median age of the 13 patients was 4.6 years (range 1.8–12 years). The most commonly detected virus was rhinovirus/enterovirus (54%). Nine children required red cell transfusions. Five patients received corticosteroids. Conclusion: An increase in the number of pediatric CAS cases has been observed since the COVID-19 pandemic. This may be due to an overall increase in viral infections due to the immunity debt from COVID-19 related NPIs. Another possible explanation is the “hygienist theory, ” which postulates a causal relationship between the decline in infections and increase in immunological disorders.
期刊介绍:
Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion is a medium for propagating and exchanging ideas within the medical community. It publishes peer-reviewed articles on a variety of aspects of clinical hematology, laboratory hematology and hemato-oncology. The journal exists to encourage scientific investigation in the study of blood in health and in disease; to promote and foster the exchange and diffusion of knowledge relating to blood and blood-forming tissues; and to provide a forum for discussion of hematological subjects on a national scale.
The Journal is the official publication of The Indian Society of Hematology & Blood Transfusion.