Selection and characterization of the target fault for fluid-induced activation and earthquake rupture experiments

IF 3.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS
Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Alexis Shakas, Florian Amann, Whitney Maria Behr, Daniel Escallon Botero, Domenico Giardini, Marian Hertrich, Mohammadreza Jalali, Xiaodong Ma, Men-Andrin Meier, Julian Osten, Stefan Wiemer, Massimo Cocco
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Abstract. Performing stimulation experiments at approximately 1 km depth in the Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geosciences and Geoenergies necessitates identifying and characterizing the target fault zone for on-fault monitoring of induced fault slip and seismicity, which presents a challenge when attempting to understand seismogenic processes. We discuss the multidisciplinary approach for selecting the target fault zone for experiments planned within the Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures (FEAR) project, for which the aim is to induce the fault slip and seismicity for an earthquake magnitude of up to 1.0 while enhancing the monitoring and control of fluid-injection experiments. Structural geological mapping, remote sensing, exploration drilling and borehole logging, ground-penetration radar, and laboratory investigations were employed to identify and characterize the target fault – a ductile–brittle shear zone several meters wide with an intensely fractured volume spanning over 100 m. Its orientation in the in situ stress field favors reactivation in normal to strike-slip regimes. Laboratory tests showed slight velocity strengthening of the fault gouge. The fault's architecture, typical for crystalline environments, poses challenges for fluid flow, necessitating detailed hydraulic and stress characterization before each of the FEAR experiments. This multidisciplinary approach was crucial for managing rock volume heterogeneity and understanding implications for the dense monitoring network. Successfully identifying the fault sets the stage for seismic activation experiments commencing in spring 2024.
为流体诱发活化和地震破裂实验选择目标断层并确定其特征
摘要在贝德雷托地球科学与地球能源地下实验室约 1 千米深处进行激发实验,必须确定目标断层带并描述其特征,以便对诱发断层滑动和地震进行断层监测,这对试图了解地震发生过程提出了挑战。我们讨论了为断层活化和地震破裂(FEAR)项目内计划的实验选择目标断层带的多学科方法,该项目的目标是诱发震级高达 1.0 的断层滑动和地震,同时加强对注入流体实验的监测和控制。通过结构地质测绘、遥感、勘探钻井和井眼测井、地面穿透雷达以及实验室调查,确定了目标断层的位置和特征--这是一条宽数米的韧性-脆性剪切带,断裂密集,长度超过 100 米。它在原地应力场中的走向有利于在法向和走向滑动状态下重新激活。实验室测试表明,断层破碎带的速度略有增强。该断层的结构是典型的结晶环境,给流体流动带来了挑战,因此有必要在每次 FEAR 试验之前进行详细的水力和应力分析。这种多学科方法对于管理岩体异质性和了解密集监测网络的影响至关重要。成功确定断层为 2024 年春季开始的地震激活实验奠定了基础。
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来源期刊
Solid Earth
Solid Earth GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS-
CiteScore
6.90
自引率
8.80%
发文量
78
审稿时长
4.5 months
期刊介绍: Solid Earth (SE) is a not-for-profit journal that publishes multidisciplinary research on the composition, structure, dynamics of the Earth from the surface to the deep interior at all spatial and temporal scales. The journal invites contributions encompassing observational, experimental, and theoretical investigations in the form of short communications, research articles, method articles, review articles, and discussion and commentaries on all aspects of the solid Earth (for details see manuscript types). Being interdisciplinary in scope, SE covers the following disciplines: geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology, volcanology; geodesy and gravity; geodynamics: numerical and analogue modeling of geoprocesses; geoelectrics and electromagnetics; geomagnetism; geomorphology, morphotectonics, and paleoseismology; rock physics; seismics and seismology; critical zone science (Earth''s permeable near-surface layer); stratigraphy, sedimentology, and palaeontology; rock deformation, structural geology, and tectonics.
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