Inequalities for linear combinations of orthogonal projections and applications

Abstract

In this paper, we present various inequalities regarding the linear combinations of orthogonal projections. These results aim to generalize and refine well-known inequalities, such as those due to Buzano and Ostrowski. Additionally, we investigate a specific case of these linear combinations and introduce new refinements of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. Furthermore, we establish some findings related to the covariance and variance of bounded linear operators. Moreover, as applications of some of our results, we establish several inequalities involving the product of three operators, one of which is a linear combination of an orthogonal projection and the identity operator. Finally, we introduce a new positive operator construction in terms of an orthogonal projection and the identity operator, and we derive some norms and numerical radius inequalities involving it.