Species-specific effects of light and temperature on photosynthesis and respiration among Symbiodiniaceae (Dinophyceae)

Abstract

Coral reefs are exposed to various environmental stressors that cause bleaching events, whereby endosymbiotic microalgae (Symbiodiniaceae) disassociate from coral hosts. Bleached corals are compromised and face mortality. The combination of high-light exposure and elevated seawater temperature often lead to coral bleaching. The physiological properties of the Symbiodiniaceae within the coral tissues contribute to the thermal tolerance of the holobiont (the host and all its symbionts). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of light and temperature stress on four Symbiodiniaceae species from three genera with respect to photosynthetic oxygen production and consumption. Under control conditions, the species displayed predominantly low-to-moderate light requirements for photosynthesis with increased photoinhibition at higher photon flux rates. After 30 days of heat acclimation at 32 °C, maximum photosynthetic activity declined in Effrenium voratum, doubled in Fugacium kawagutii, and remained unchanged in Breviolum psygmophilum. In subsequent acute heating assays, species-specific effects on maximum photosynthetic activity were observed. Photosynthesis in all species declined across a temperature gradient between 25 and 39 °C in the acute heating assays; full inhibition occurred at 37 °C in B. psygmophilum and E. voratum and at 39 °C in B. aenigmaticum and F. kawagutii. In contrast, respiration remained largely constant in all species across temperatures. Our data point to species-specific photophysiological traits that lead to different thermal tolerances among Symbiodiniaceae.