Local size structure and distribution of demersal fish in relation to sea pens and other benthic habitats in a deep-sea soft-bottom environment

Abstract

Many fish species undergo ontogenetic habitat shifts as they grow to fulfill new biological, ecological and environmental requirements. While relationships between fishes and large hard-substrate cold-water corals (CWC) (e.g., Desmophyllum pertusum reefs) have frequently been studied, there are relatively fewer studies examining the relationships of fish with habitats specifically provided by smaller corals (e.g., sea pens) in soft-bottom environments. Despite this knowledge gap around soft-bottom corals, growing evidence of their importance has nonetheless justified their inclusion as conservation targets in numerous Marine Protected Areas (MPA), including the Canadian Laurentian Channel MPA. Here, we performed ROV and near-seabed drift-camera system surveys within the Laurentian Channel MPA in 2017 and 2018 to assess the influence of fish body size and habitat type on fish small-scale distribution in a low-relief deep-sea soft-sediment environment. We compared the local size structure of the four most abundant deep-sea demersal fish taxa of the channel (Redfish (Sebastes spp.), Witch Flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), Marlin-Spike Grenadier (Nezumia bairdii) and Longfin Hake (Phycis chesteri)) across one barren and five structural benthic habitats defined by the presence of nine dominant epibenthic invertebrates (actiniarians and CWCs). We used generalized additive models to identify biotic (benthic habitats) and abiotic (depth, bottom types) covariates of size for each taxon. We observed 15,381 fish within the 43.6-ha study area, of which 7,511 fish were measured. Juveniles represented 99% of all fish measured, with a notable increase in average fish size in 2018. While we did not find any associations between benthic habitats and fish life stages, the analysis revealed a significant increase in fish size within sea pen habitats for all four taxa. Conversely, we found a taxon-specific influence of bottom type on fish size for all taxa. In addition, Redfish and Longfin Hake size was positively correlated with depth. For deep-sea demersal fish taxa of the MPA, our results suggest that 1) sea pens provide nursery habitat for early-life stages, 2) fish undergo ontogenetic shifts in micro-habitat use and specialization, and 3) fish-habitat associations appear to be facultative rather than obligate. Through the use of in-situ video data, this study provided evidence that small and large fish do not use the same micro-habitats, and that sea pens contribute significantly to fish habitat despite providing less habitat heterogeneity than reef-forming scleractinians or large gorgonians. These results contribute to empirical understanding of fish-habitat relationships at different fish life stages and may inform fisheries management, as well as monitoring efforts in the MPA and other protected deep-sea environments.