Outcomes and implications of pediatric spinal gun shot wounds: A cross-sectional analysis using 2017-2021 TQIP data

Abstract

Background

Pediatric morbidity and mortality due to gun violence has steadily risen in recent years, becoming the leading cause of death among children and teens as of 2022 per the Center for Disease Control (CDC). For patients under the age of 17 in the United States, gunshot wounds (GSWs) are the underlying cause of traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) in 8.3% of patients. Although prior studies have examined the broader trends of firearm-related deaths in children, investigation specifically focusing on gunshot wounds to the spine has not addressed the pediatric population.

Methods

The TQIP database from 2017 to 2021 was queried for patients under the age of 18 with gunshot traumas, and ICD-10 diagnosis codes were used to identify associated spinal injuries. The incidence across time and risk factors for adverse hospital outcomes were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Factors of interest included demographic characteristics, insurance provider, and comorbidities.

Results

A total of 3,155 gunshot injuries to the spine (GSIS) in the pediatric population were reported to TQIP between 2017 and 2021. Average patient age was 16 ± 2.8 years old and the majority of patients (n=1819, 57.6%) were uninsured. Assault was the intent of firearm discharge in 2,582 (81.8%) patients and unintentional injury occurred in 322 (10.2%) cases. Mortality occurred in 11.7% of GSIS, twice that of the 5.8% seen in all pediatric GSW. Those with psychiatric disorders were more likely to result in extended LOS (OR, 2.538; 95% CI, 1.638-3.932; P < 0.001) and in-hospital complications (OR, 1.841; 95% CI, 1.139-2.891; P = 0.012) when analyzed with multivariate binomial logistic regression.

Conclusion

In this large-scale retrospective study using TQIP data, we identified trends in spine injuries sustained from gun trauma in the pediatric population. Consideration of demographics, hospital course, and outcomes as examined in this study can provide valuable insights to clinicians, public health organizations, and policy makers.