Brain Microvascular Pericyte Pathology Linking Alzheimer's Disease to Diabetes

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q3 HEMATOLOGY

Microcirculation Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI:10.1111/micc.12877

Kareem El-Ghazawi, Ukpong B. Eyo, Shayn M. Peirce

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Abstract

The brain microvasculature, which delivers oxygen and nutrients and forms a critical barrier protecting the central nervous system via capillaries, is deleteriously affected by both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D patients have an increased risk of developing AD, suggesting potentially related microvascular pathological mechanisms. Pericytes are an ideal cell type to study for functional links between AD and T2D. These specialized capillary-enwrapping cells regulate capillary density, lumen diameter, and blood flow. Pericytes also maintain endothelial tight junctions to ensure blood–brain barrier integrity, modulation of immune cell extravasation, and clearance of toxins. Changes in these phenomena have been observed in both AD and T2D, implicating “pericyte pathology” as a common feature of AD and T2D. This review examines the mechanisms of AD and T2D from the perspective of the brain microvasculature, highlighting how pericyte pathology contributes to both diseases. Our review identifies voids in understanding how AD and T2D negatively impact the brain microvasculature and suggests future studies to examine the intersections of these diseases.

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将阿尔茨海默病与糖尿病联系起来的脑微血管周皮病理学

大脑微血管通过毛细血管输送氧气和营养物质，并形成保护中枢神经系统的重要屏障，但阿尔茨海默病（AD）和 2 型糖尿病（T2D）都会对大脑微血管产生有害影响。2型糖尿病患者罹患阿尔茨海默病的风险增加，这表明微血管病理机制可能与此有关。周细胞是研究 AD 和 T2D 之间功能联系的理想细胞类型。这些特化的毛细血管包裹细胞可调节毛细血管密度、管腔直径和血流量。周细胞还维持内皮紧密连接，以确保血脑屏障的完整性、免疫细胞外渗的调节和毒素的清除。AD 和 T2D 均可观察到这些现象的变化，这表明 "周细胞病理学 "是 AD 和 T2D 的共同特征。本综述从脑部微血管的角度研究了注意力缺失症和终末期糖尿病的发病机制，强调了周细胞病理学是如何导致这两种疾病的。我们的综述指出了在理解注意力缺失症和终末期糖尿病如何对脑部微血管产生负面影响方面存在的不足，并提出了今后研究这些疾病的交叉点的建议。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Microcirculation 医学-外周血管病

CiteScore

5.00

自引率

4.20%

发文量

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： The journal features original contributions that are the result of investigations contributing significant new information relating to the vascular and lymphatic microcirculation addressed at the intact animal, organ, cellular, or molecular level. Papers describe applications of the methods of physiology, biophysics, bioengineering, genetics, cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology to problems in microcirculation. Microcirculation also publishes state-of-the-art reviews that address frontier areas or new advances in technology in the fields of microcirculatory disease and function. Specific areas of interest include: Angiogenesis, growth and remodeling; Transport and exchange of gasses and solutes; Rheology and biorheology; Endothelial cell biology and metabolism; Interactions between endothelium, smooth muscle, parenchymal cells, leukocytes and platelets; Regulation of vasomotor tone; and Microvascular structures, imaging and morphometry. Papers also describe innovations in experimental techniques and instrumentation for studying all aspects of microcirculatory structure and function.