Genetic structure analysis of yak breeds and their response to adaptive evolution

IF 4.3 3区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC
Qingbo Zheng , Xiaoyun Wu , Xiaoming Ma , Xuelan Zhou , Tong Wang , Chaofan Ma , Minghao Zhang , Min Chu , Xian Guo , Chunnian Liang , Pengjia Bao , Ping Yan
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Abstract

Yaks are crucial genetic resources in the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions. Throughout the long process of domestication, natural and artificial selection pressures have enabled yaks to demonstrate adaptive characteristics to the environment in terms of physiological structure and genetic molecules, but no systematic cell analysis has been carried out on this phenomenon of yaks. Here, the population structure and genetic diversity of yak were studied by WGRS, and the genes related to yak adaptability were excavated. Combined with scRNA-seq method, the transcription map of yak lung tissue and skin tissue was constructed, which provided a new comprehensive insight into yak adaptability. The analysis of yak population structure showed that there was obvious genetic differentiation between TZ _ yak and other seven yak populations, while there was significant genetic exchange between PL _ yak and SB _ yak at high altitude. WGRS and scRNA-seq analysis revealed that the gene HIF1A related to high altitude adaptation was expressed in various cell types, while EPAS1 was predominantly expressed in epithelial and endothelial cells of yak lung tissue. Endothelial cells play a critical role in hypoxia-adapted VEGF signaling, which correlates closely with the high expression of KDR and VEGFA genes in endothelial cells and monocytes. Furthermore, in the selection signal of High _ yak vs Low _ yak, 19.8 % of the genes overlapped with the genes screened by skin scRNA-seq, including genes related to coat color such as RORA, BNC2, and KIT. Notably, BNC2 is a gene associated with melanin deposition and shows high expression levels in HS cells. Additionally, GRN in melanocytes and SORT1 in IRS play an important role in cell communication between melanocytes and IRS. These findings offer new insights into the natural polymorphism of yaks and provide a valuable reference for future research on high-altitude mammals, and potentially even human genetics.

牦牛品种的遗传结构分析及其对适应性进化的反应。
牦牛是青藏高原及周边地区重要的遗传资源。在漫长的驯化过程中,自然选择和人工选择的压力使牦牛在生理结构和遗传分子方面表现出对环境的适应性特征,但目前尚未对牦牛的这一现象进行系统的细胞分析。本文利用WGRS研究了牦牛的种群结构和遗传多样性,挖掘了与牦牛适应性相关的基因。结合scRNA-seq方法,构建了牦牛肺组织和皮肤组织的转录图谱,为全面了解牦牛的适应性提供了新的视角。牦牛种群结构分析表明,TZ_牦牛与其他7个牦牛种群存在明显的遗传分化,而PL_牦牛与SB_牦牛在高海拔地区存在显著的遗传交流。WGRS和scRNA-seq分析显示,与高海拔适应相关的基因HIF1A在不同类型的细胞中均有表达,而EPAS1则主要在牦牛肺组织的上皮细胞和内皮细胞中表达。内皮细胞在低氧适应性血管内皮生长因子信号转导中起着关键作用,这与内皮细胞和单核细胞中 KDR 和 VEGFA 基因的高表达密切相关。此外,在高_牦牛与低_牦牛的选择信号中,19.8%的基因与皮肤scRNA-seq筛选出的基因重叠,其中包括与毛色相关的基因,如RORA、BNC2和KIT。值得注意的是,BNC2 是一种与黑色素沉积有关的基因,在 HS 细胞中的表达水平较高。此外,黑色素细胞中的 GRN 和 IRS 中的 SORT1 在黑色素细胞和 IRS 之间的细胞通讯中发挥着重要作用。这些发现为了解牦牛的天然多态性提供了新的视角,为今后研究高海拔哺乳动物甚至人类遗传学提供了宝贵的参考。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
7.20
自引率
4.30%
发文量
567
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