Early-morning OFF in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic literature review and current therapeutics

Abstract

Objective

Early morning OFF (EMO) is one of the first motor complications to manifest and frequently signals the onset of additional motor complications in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Although EOM are frequently observed in patients with PD and many caregivers must help with their motor inability, the treatment is still unsatisfactory. The majority of research that has been conducted on the wearing-off state of patients with PD has focused on daytime symptoms; evening and early morning symptoms have received much less attention.This study aimed to review the clinical perspectives of current therapies for EMO.

Materials and methods

We reviewed the searching relevant publications from the key words such as morning off. A total of 456 publications were identified and we reviewed 21 clinical trials as well as other relevant clinical studies and reviews.

Results

EMO are frequently disregarded or undervalued, which could have resulted in unintentional risks, inadequate management, and an increased burden of care. Oral medication is still the primary medical intervention for EMO. However, new developments in non-oral medications and advanced formulations aim to reduce the delay in experiencing the benefits of oral levodopa due to gastrointestinal problems.

Conclusions

The current therapies for EMO could be helpful in selecting a limited practical treatment. Advancements in non-oral medications and oral formulations hold promise for improving efficacy in EMO.