Density functional theory guide for copolymerization mechanism between allyl radical with radicalophile: photo-driven radical mediated [3 + 2] cyclization

Abstract

Context

The challenge of activating inert allyl monomers for polymerization has persisted, prompting our proposal of the photo-driven radical mediated [3 + 2] cyclization reaction (PRMC). This innovative approach significantly expedites the homopolymerization of multi-allyl monomers, enabling the synthesis of embolic microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma interventions. PRMC involves allyl monomers to form allylic radicals and then radicals participating in a cycloaddition reaction with unsaturated olefins as radicalophiles to form cyclopentane-based radical products. While extensively studied in the theoretical and experimental homopolymerization, PRMC’s application in copolymerization remains unexplored. To address this knowledge gap, we explored the elementary reaction, selecting allyl methyl ether radicals (AMER) and α,β-unsaturated ketones as radicalophiles for copolymerization investigations by density functional theory (DFT) analysis. We quantified energy differences between ground and excited states of reactants, elucidated frontier molecular orbitals, and assessed thermodynamic data for copolymerization feasibility. We also evaluated the electronic properties of reactants, predicting the reactivity of radicalophiles and the interactions of intermolecular reactions. Additionally, we applied transition state theory and interaction/deformation models and conducted a local orbital analysis to comprehensively study excess electron distribution and gyration radius of cyclic radical product. Our findings offer vital insights into PRMC’s potential in copolymerization. This research provides a robust theoretical foundation for practical application, enhancing the polymerization field.

Methods

Based on density functional theory (DFT), the calculations were performed at the M06-2X/6–311 +  + G(d,p) level in/by Gaussian 16 package. Subsequently, our analytical results apply time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) and solvent modeling (SMD). Single-point energy calculations determine the driving force behind the radicals’ reaction with radicalophiles. Furthermore, we assessed the electrostatic potential (ESP) of the reactants. The results of the calculations were visualized by the Multiwfn 3.6 and VMD 1.9 programs.

Graphical abstract