A comparative study of the relationship between time in range assessed by self-monitoring of blood glucose and continuous glucose monitoring with microalbuminuria outcome, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β test

Abstract

Aims

To compare the time in range (TIR) obtained from self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) with that obtained from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and explore the relationship of TIR with microalbuminuria outcome, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β test.

Methods

We recruited 400 patients with type 2 diabetes to carry out blood glucose monitoring by both SMBG and CGM for 3 consecutive days. TIR, TAR, TBR and other blood glucose variation indices were calculated respectively through the glucose data achieved from SMBG and CGM. The HOMA-IR and HOMA-β test was evaluated by an oral glucose tolerance test. Urinary microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio completed in the laboratory.

Results

The median (25 %, 75 % quartile) of TIR_CGM and TIR_SMBG were 74.94(44.90, 88.04) and 70.83(46.88, 87.50) respectively, and there was no significant difference, p = 0.489; For every 1 % increase in TIR_CGM, the risk of microalbuminuria decreased by 1.6 % (95%CI:0.973, 0.995, p = 0.006) and for every 1 % increase in TIR_SMBG, the risk of microalbuminuria decreased by 1.3 % (95%CI:0.975, 0.999, p = 0.033). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed an independent positive correlation between TIR (including TIR_CGM and TIR_SBMG) and LnDI30 and LnDI120 levels (p = 0.000).

Conclusions

The TIR calculated by SMBG was highly consistent with that reported by CGM and was significantly associated with the risk of microalbuminuria and the HOMA-β. Higher TIR quartiles were associated with lower incidence of microalbuminuria as well as higher lever of HOMA-β. For patients with limited CGM application, SMBG-derived TIR may be an alternative to CGM-derived TIR, to assess blood glucose control.