Molecular Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) Corroborates the Mid-Miocene Origins of Neotropical Savannas

Diversity Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI:10.3390/d16080488
Rafael Felipe de Almeida, Augusto Francener, Maria Candida Henrique Mamede, Cássio van den Berg
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Abstract

We present a dated and calibrated molecular phylogeny for one of the most characteristic genera of Neotropical savannas, Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae), based on the ETS, ITS, and psbA-trnH markers. We sampled 33 species of Byrsonima and four species of the outgroups Blepharandra, Diacidia, and Pterandra to test the monophyly of the infrageneric classification of the genus. Bayesian inference (BI) analysis was performed for the combined molecular dataset. Seven morphological characters were optimized on the obtained tree. Calibration points derived from a published chronogram for Malpighiaceae were used alongside a relaxed, uncorrelated molecular clock on Beast 1.8.4. Ancestral range reconstructions focusing on four main Neotropical biomes (Cerrado, Atlantic rainforest, Amazon rainforest, and Caatinga dry forests) were performed on BioGeoBEARS. Our phylogenetic results corroborated the monophyly of Byrsonima, but all of its subgenera and sections were polyphyletic, with all morphological characters circumscribing these infrageneric ranks being highly homoplastic. The most recent common ancestor of Byrsonima was widespread in South American biomes at 11.41 Ma, posteriorly diversifying in the Amazon rainforests up to 7.72 Ma, when it started massively diversifying in Neotropical savannas. A few re-colonization events from savannas to rain or dry forests occurred from 2.95–0.53 Ma. These results corroborate the mid-Miocene origins of Neotropical savannas, and future studies should aim to sample Mesoamerican species of Byrsonima.
Byrsonima(Malpighiaceae)的分子系统发育和历史生物地理学证实了新热带稀树草原的中新世起源
我们基于 ETS、ITS 和 psbA-trnH 标记,对新热带稀树草原最具特征的属之一 Byrsonima(马鞭草科)进行了分子系统学测定和校准。我们采集了 33 个 Byrsonima 物种和 4 个外群 Blepharandra、Diacidia 和 Pterandra 物种的样本,以检验该属下属分类的单系性。对分子数据集进行了贝叶斯推断(BI)分析。在得到的树上对七个形态特征进行了优化。从已发表的 Malpighiaceae 年表中提取的校准点与 Beast 1.8.4 上宽松、不相关的分子钟一起使用。在 BioGeoBEARS 上对新热带四大生物群落(Cerrado、大西洋雨林、亚马逊雨林和 Caatinga 旱林)进行了祖先分布区重建。我们的系统发育结果证实了 Byrsonima 的单系性,但其所有的亚属和分支都是多系的,这些亚属等级的所有形态特征都是高度同源的。Byrsonima的最近共同祖先在11.41Ma时广泛分布于南美洲生物群落中,在亚马逊雨林中的后向分化一直持续到7.72Ma,之后开始在新热带稀树草原中大规模分化。从热带稀树草原到雨林或旱林的几次再殖民事件发生在 2.95-0.53 Ma。这些结果证实了新热带稀树草原起源于中新世中期,未来的研究应致力于对中美洲的Byrsonima物种进行采样。
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