Exploring Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Cancers Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI:10.3390/cancers16162796

Karam Ashouri, Alexandra Wong, Pooja Mittal, Lesly Torres-Gonzalez, Jae Ho Lo, S. Soni, S. Algaze, Taline Khoukaz, Wu Zhang, Yan Yang, J. Millstein, H. Lenz, F. Battaglin

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Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. While immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly improved patient outcomes, their effectiveness is mostly limited to tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI-H/dMMR) or an increased tumor mutational burden, which comprise 10% of cases. Advancing personalized medicine in CRC hinges on identifying predictive biomarkers to guide treatment decisions. This comprehensive review examines established tissue markers such as KRAS and HER2, highlighting their roles in resistance to anti-EGFR agents and discussing advances in targeted therapies for these markers. Additionally, this review summarizes encouraging data on promising therapeutic targets and highlights the clinical utility of liquid biopsies. By synthesizing current evidence and identifying knowledge gaps, this review provides clinicians and researchers with a contemporary understanding of the biomarker landscape in CRC. Finally, the review examines future directions and challenges in translating promising biomarkers into clinical practice, with the goal of enhancing personalized medicine approaches for colorectal cancer patients.

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探索结直肠癌的预测和预后生物标记物：全面回顾

结直肠癌（CRC）仍然是全球癌症相关死亡的第二大原因。虽然免疫检查点抑制剂大大改善了患者的预后，但其疗效大多局限于微卫星不稳定（MSI-H/dMMR）或肿瘤突变负荷增加的肿瘤，而这部分病例占 10%。推进 CRC 的个性化治疗取决于确定指导治疗决策的预测性生物标志物。本综述对 KRAS 和 HER2 等已确立的组织标志物进行了研究，强调了它们在抗 EGFR 药物耐药性中的作用，并讨论了针对这些标志物的靶向疗法的进展。此外，这篇综述还总结了有望成为治疗靶点的令人鼓舞的数据，并强调了液体活检的临床实用性。通过综合现有证据并找出知识差距，本综述为临床医生和研究人员提供了对 CRC 生物标记物现状的当代理解。最后，这篇综述探讨了将有前景的生物标记物转化为临床实践的未来方向和挑战，目的是加强针对结直肠癌患者的个性化医疗方法。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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Cancers

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