Comparative Assessment of Shell Structural, Mechanical, and Elemental Properties in Adult Acorn Barnacles

Diversity Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI:10.3390/d16080482
Jazmine Shaw, Yeram Kang, Callie Triano, Corin J. Hoppe, Nick Aldred, Rebecca A. Metzler, Gary H. Dickinson
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Abstract

Balanomorph (acorn) barnacles are found throughout the world’s coastal oceans, and their success is dependent on a hard, mineralized, outer shell. Although macro-scale morphology of barnacle shells has been studied extensively, relatively little is known about shell properties at the micron-scale and if such properties vary among species. We assessed shell structure, mechanics, and composition in seven species of balanomorph barnacles from five genera. Three species, Amphibalanus amphitrite, Amphibalanus improvisus, and Austrominius modestus, were laboratory-reared, enabling direct comparison of shell properties of barnacles grown under the same conditions for the same duration. Four other species, Semibalanus balanoides, Amphibalanus eburneus, Chthamalus stellatus, and Tetraclita rubescens, were field-collected. At the macro- and meso-scales, shell properties varied markedly among species, with differences in the number of shell plates, the presence of canals within the plates, mineralization of the base, and shell plate thickness. At the micron-scale, however, structure was remarkably similar among species. Plates of all species were constructed of irregular micron-scale crystallites, with a broad range of crystallite dimensions observed within the same shell. Similarly, micromechanical properties did not vary among species, regardless of testing orientation. Calcium carbonate was identified as calcite in all species assessed with no other mineral phases present, and calcium content did not vary among species. Hence, despite variation in the overall macro- and meso-scale morphology of barnacles, all appear to be built using the same, evolutionarily conserved, mineralization pathway.
成年橡果藤壶外壳结构、机械和元素特性的比较评估
藤壶(橡子)遍布全球沿海海洋,它们的成功依赖于坚硬的矿化外壳。尽管人们对藤壶外壳的宏观形态进行了广泛研究,但对微米尺度的外壳特性以及这些特性在不同物种之间是否存在差异却知之甚少。我们评估了来自五个属的七种藤壶的外壳结构、力学和成分。其中三个物种(Amphibalanus amphitrite、Amphibalanus improvisus和Austrominius modestus)是在实验室中饲养的,因此可以直接比较在相同条件下生长相同时间的藤壶的外壳特性。另外四种藤壶:Semibalanus balanoides、Amphibalanus eburneus、Chthamalus stellatus 和 Tetraclita rubescens 是实地采集的。在宏观和中观尺度上,不同物种的贝壳特性差异明显,在壳板数量、壳板内是否有通道、基部矿化度和壳板厚度等方面都存在差异。然而,在微米尺度上,不同物种之间的结构非常相似。所有物种的壳板都是由不规则的微米级结晶体构成的,在同一壳体内观察到的结晶体尺寸范围很广。同样,无论测试方向如何,不同物种的微机械性能也没有差异。在所有被评估的物种中,碳酸钙都被鉴定为方解石,没有其他矿物相存在,钙含量在不同物种之间也没有差异。因此,尽管藤壶的整体宏观和中尺度形态存在差异,但似乎都是通过相同的、进化保守的矿化途径形成的。
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