Effect of Abiotic Factors on Nectar Quality and Secretion of Two Early Spring Species, Galanthus nivalis L. and Helleborus niger L.

Diversity Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI:10.3390/d16080469
Katja Malovrh, Jože Bavcon, Mitja Križman, Blanka Ravnjak
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Abstract

Floral nectar is mainly a reward in the form of food for pollinators. In early spring, when snow can still be present, pollinators have trouble finding food. The composition and productivity of nectar in flowers play an important role in a pollinator’s life. It is known that low temperatures and lower humidity cause lower nectar secretion. Some studies have also shown that the quality of nectar can differ because of lower temperatures. In our research, we analysed whether abiotic factors affect nectar secretion, as well as the nectar composition of the early spring plant species Galanthus nivalis L. and Helleborus niger L. in February 2024. The study was conducted in two locations in nature. Nectar from H. niger was sampled in Tomišelj, Slovenia, whereas nectar from G. nivalis was sampled in Ljubljana, Slovenia. On four different days at three different times of day, we sampled nectar from flowers using microcapillaries. In total, we sampled 48 nectar samples from one species. We analysed soil humidity and temperature, air temperature and humidity, and UVB radiation. Our results show that nectar productivity is highest in the morning for both species. H. niger has sucrose-dominant nectar, while G. nivalis has hexose-dominant nectar. Proline, which is an important amino acid for bees, has the highest level in both species, as does the phenolic compound rutin. Environmental factors do affect nectar secretion. Soil and air temperature affect G. nivalis nectar secretion, while soil humidity affects H. niger nectar secretion. Soil and air temperature also have an effect on higher levels of sugars in both researched nectars. UVB, air humidity, and air and soil temperature seem to have an effect on phenolic compounds, but abiotic factors do not affect amino acids.
非生物因素对两种早春树种 Galanthus nivalis L. 和 Helleborus niger L. 花蜜质量和分泌的影响
花蜜主要是以食物的形式奖励传粉昆虫。早春时节,雪还没化完,传粉昆虫很难找到食物。花蜜的成分和产量对传粉昆虫的生活起着重要作用。众所周知,低温和低湿度会导致花蜜分泌减少。一些研究还表明,花蜜的质量也会因为温度较低而有所不同。在我们的研究中,我们分析了非生物因素是否会影响花蜜分泌,以及 2024 年 2 月早春植物物种 Galanthus nivalis L. 和 Helleborus niger L. 的花蜜成分。研究在自然界的两个地点进行。黑毛笔花蜜在斯洛文尼亚的托米舍利采样,而茑萝花蜜则在斯洛文尼亚的卢布尔雅那采样。在四天中的三个不同时间段,我们使用微型毛细管对花蜜进行采样。我们总共从一个物种中采集了 48 个花蜜样本。我们分析了土壤湿度和温度、空气温度和湿度以及紫外线辐射。我们的研究结果表明,两个物种的花蜜产量都是在早晨最高。H. niger 的花蜜以蔗糖为主,而 G. nivalis 的花蜜以己糖为主。脯氨酸是蜜蜂的重要氨基酸,在这两个物种中含量最高,酚类化合物芦丁也是如此。环境因素确实会影响花蜜分泌。土壤和空气温度会影响 G. nivalis 的花蜜分泌,而土壤湿度则会影响 H. niger 的花蜜分泌。土壤和空气温度也会影响两种研究花蜜中较高的糖含量。紫外线、空气湿度、空气和土壤温度似乎对酚类化合物有影响,但非生物因素对氨基酸没有影响。
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