Victoria Junquera, Daniel I. Rubenstein, Simon A. Levin, José I. Hormaza, Iñaki Vadillo Pérez, Pablo Jiménez Gavilán
{"title":"Hydrological collapse in southern Spain under expanding irrigated agriculture: Meteorological, hydrological, and structural drought","authors":"Victoria Junquera, Daniel I. Rubenstein, Simon A. Levin, José I. Hormaza, Iñaki Vadillo Pérez, Pablo Jiménez Gavilán","doi":"arxiv-2408.00683","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Spain is the largest producer of avocado and mango fruits in Europe. The\nmajority of production is concentrated in the Axarqu\\'ia region in the south,\nwhere subtropical fruit plantations and associated water demands have steadily\nincreased over the last two decades. Between 2019-2024, the region underwent an\nextreme water crisis. Reservoir reserves became nearly depleted and groundwater\nlevels dropped to sea level in several locations, where seawater intrusion is\nlikely, causing large socioeconomic impacts including short-term harvest losses\nand a long-term loss in economic centrality. We examine the causal pathway that\nled to this crisis using a mixed-methods approach, combining data from key\ninformant interviews, an exhaustive review of legal documents, and quantitative\nanalysis of time series and spatially explicit data. In particular, we analyze\ndam water use for irrigation and urban use, meteorological data, reservoir and\ngroundwater levels, and irrigation land cover maps. Our findings show that an\nunusual meteorological drought was the immediate cause for the decline in\nreservoir and groundwater reserves (hydrological drought), but the underlying\ncause was a chronic and structural long-term imbalance between water demand and\nresources resulting from several structural governance shortcomings: large\nuncertainties in water resource availability and use hampering effective\nplanning, lack of enforcement of individual water quotas, and the absence of\nregulatory mechanisms to flexibly impose resource use restrictions at both\nmicro and macro levels based on the overall resources of the system. We propose\nconcrete policy interventions aimed at sustainably enhancing the resilience of\nthe system that can be useful to efficiently manage water shortages in other\nregions with similar problems.","PeriodicalId":501273,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - ECON - General Economics","volume":"190 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"arXiv - ECON - General Economics","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.00683","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Spain is the largest producer of avocado and mango fruits in Europe. The
majority of production is concentrated in the Axarqu\'ia region in the south,
where subtropical fruit plantations and associated water demands have steadily
increased over the last two decades. Between 2019-2024, the region underwent an
extreme water crisis. Reservoir reserves became nearly depleted and groundwater
levels dropped to sea level in several locations, where seawater intrusion is
likely, causing large socioeconomic impacts including short-term harvest losses
and a long-term loss in economic centrality. We examine the causal pathway that
led to this crisis using a mixed-methods approach, combining data from key
informant interviews, an exhaustive review of legal documents, and quantitative
analysis of time series and spatially explicit data. In particular, we analyze
dam water use for irrigation and urban use, meteorological data, reservoir and
groundwater levels, and irrigation land cover maps. Our findings show that an
unusual meteorological drought was the immediate cause for the decline in
reservoir and groundwater reserves (hydrological drought), but the underlying
cause was a chronic and structural long-term imbalance between water demand and
resources resulting from several structural governance shortcomings: large
uncertainties in water resource availability and use hampering effective
planning, lack of enforcement of individual water quotas, and the absence of
regulatory mechanisms to flexibly impose resource use restrictions at both
micro and macro levels based on the overall resources of the system. We propose
concrete policy interventions aimed at sustainably enhancing the resilience of
the system that can be useful to efficiently manage water shortages in other
regions with similar problems.