From chocolate to palm oil: The future of Indonesia’s cocoa plantations

IF 5.8 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Ambio Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI:10.1007/s13280-024-02061-0

Saskia Dröge, Janne Bemelmans, Charline Depoorter, Muhammad Justi Makmun Jusrin, Axel Marx, Bruno Verbist, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, Miet Maertens, Bart Muys

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Abstract

Indonesia is the world’s third largest cocoa producer, but production is decreasing since 2011. We revisited cocoa farmers for an environmental assessment in Luwu Timur, Sulawesi, 7 months after a socio-economic survey on cocoa certification outcomes and observed many cocoa plantations being converted into oil palm and maize. Including our field data as well as secondary data on commodity prices and yields, we outline reasons for cocoa conversion, potential consequences for biodiversity, and assess the future outlook for the Indonesian cocoa sector. Low cocoa productivity, volatile cocoa prices and higher revenue for oil palm, among others, drive land-use change. If shade trees are cut during cocoa conversion, it may have negative implications for biodiversity. Solutions to low soil fertility, omnipresent pests and diseases, and stable producer prices are needed to increase profitability of cocoa and prevent conversion of cocoa agroforests to oil palm monocultures.

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从巧克力到棕榈油：印度尼西亚可可种植园的未来。

印度尼西亚是世界第三大可可生产国，但自 2011 年以来产量不断下降。在对可可认证结果进行社会经济调查 7 个月后，我们再次访问了苏拉威西岛 Luwu Timur 的可可种植农户，进行环境评估。结合我们的实地数据以及有关商品价格和产量的二手数据，我们概述了可可转换的原因、对生物多样性的潜在影响，并评估了印尼可可行业的未来前景。可可生产率低、可可价格波动、油棕收入增加等因素推动了土地使用的改变。如果在可可转换过程中砍伐遮荫树，可能会对生物多样性产生负面影响。需要解决土壤肥力低、病虫害无处不在以及生产商价格稳定等问题，以提高可可的盈利能力，防止可可农林转为油棕单一种植。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Ambio 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

14.30

自引率

3.10%

发文量

123

审稿时长

6 months

期刊介绍： Explores the link between anthropogenic activities and the environment, Ambio encourages multi- or interdisciplinary submissions with explicit management or policy recommendations. Ambio addresses the scientific, social, economic, and cultural factors that influence the condition of the human environment. Ambio particularly encourages multi- or inter-disciplinary submissions with explicit management or policy recommendations. For more than 45 years Ambio has brought international perspective to important developments in environmental research, policy and related activities for an international readership of specialists, generalists, students, decision-makers and interested laymen.