Design, synthesis, and applications of plasmonic semiconductor WO3− x photocatalyst

Abstract

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) facilitates solar-to-chemical conversion, which is a rapidly expanding field that effectively harnesses solar energy because of its distinct catalytic and optical responses. Plasmonic WO_{3− x} exhibits great potential to absorb NIR light of the solar spectrum owing to LSPR. WO_{3− x} also exhibits tremendous potential in the field of photocatalysis because of its exceptional features, which include low toxicity, low cost, excellent carrier mobility, stability, and ease of synthesis. In this report, we have discussed the different synthesis techniques for WO_{3− x} photocatalysts, the tunability to enhance light absorption and the accelerating transfer of charge carriers. This review further emphasizes recent developments in the applications of plasmonic semiconductor WO_{3− x} nanostructures in hydrogen generation from water splitting and ammonia borane (AB) dehydrogenation, CO₂ reduction, organic transformations, and pollutant degradation under visible-NIR light illumination. The fundamental mechanisms for increased catalytic activities, as well as the rational design of hybrid WO_{3− x} nanocatalysts, have been discussed. The present obstacles and potential future directions have also been explored to advance plasmon-mediated heterogeneous catalysis toward practical applications. This article aims to provide a thorough understanding of synthesis, modification, and recent developments in the application of NIR light-driven catalysis of WO_{3− x} materials.