The frequency of transiting planetary systems around polluted white dwarfs

Akshay Robert, Jay Farihi, Vincent Van Eylen, Amornrat Aungwerojwit, Boris T. Gänsicke, Seth Redfield, Vikram S. Dhillon, Thomas R. Marsh, Andrew Swan
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Abstract

This paper investigates the frequency of transiting planetary systems around metal-polluted white dwarfs using high-cadence photometry from ULTRACAM and ULTRASPEC on the ground, and space-based observations with TESS. Within a sample of 313 metal-polluted white dwarfs with available TESS light curves, two systems known to have irregular transits are blindly recovered by box-least-squares and Lomb-Scargle analyses, with no new detections, yielding a transit fraction of 0.8 (-0.4, +0.6) per cent. Planet detection sensitivities are determined using simulated transit injection and recovery for all light curves, producing upper limit occurrences over radii from dwarf to Kronian planets, with periods from 1 h to 27 d. The dearth of short-period, transiting planets orbiting polluted white dwarfs is consistent with engulfment during the giant phases of stellar evolution, and modestly constrains dynamical re-injection of planets to the shortest orbital periods. Based on simple predictions of transit probability, where (R + Rp)/a ~ 0.01, the findings here are nominally consistent with a model where 100 per cent of polluted white dwarfs have circumstellar debris near the Roche limit; however, the small sample size precludes statistical confidence in this result. Single transits are also ruled out in all light curves using a search for correlated outliers, providing weak constraints on the role of Oort-like comet clouds in white dwarf pollution.
污染白矮星周围凌日行星系统的频率
本文利用地面上的 ULTRACAM 和ULTRASPEC 高分辨率光度计以及 TESS 的天基观测数据,研究了金属污染白矮星周围凌日行星系统的频率。在具有 TESS 光曲线的 313 个金属污染白矮星样本中,通过盒式最小二乘法和 Lomb-Scargle 分析盲法恢复了两个已知具有不规则凌日的系统,没有新的发现,凌日率为 0.8 (-0.4, +0.6)%。行星探测灵敏度是通过模拟所有光曲线的凌日注入和恢复来确定的,产生的上限出现在从矮行星到克罗尼行星的半径范围内,周期从1小时到27天不等。绕受污染白矮星运行的短周期凌日行星的缺乏与恒星演化巨行星阶段的吞噬是一致的,并且适度地将行星的动态再注入限制在最短的轨道周期内。根据对凌日概率的简单预测(其中 (R + Rp)/a ~ 0.01),这里的发现名义上与100%的受污染白矮星都有接近罗氏极限的星周碎片的模型相一致;然而,由于样本量较小,对这一结果的统计可信度不高。通过搜索相关的异常值,还排除了所有光变曲线中的单次凌日现象,从而为类似奥尔特的彗星云在白矮星污染中的作用提供了微弱的约束。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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