Numerical modeling of development of Leandras and Double Bopper Caves, Grand Canyon, USA

IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Javad Ashjari, Benjamin Tobin, Alan E. Fryar, Zohreh Ashjari
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The Grand Canyon is famous for its awe-inspiring natural wonders, including its caves. Double Bopper and Leandras caves have some of the longest passage lengths in the world and are nestled within the limestone of the Redwall Formation, featuring an intricate maze-like pattern. This study explored previous hypotheses about the formation of these caves. To simulate their development, multiple scenarios were tested utilizing the numerical model CAVE. Model simulation accuracy was evaluated through multivariate statistical analysis. The findings indicated that the intersection of faults surrounding the caves created a highly permeable zone, allowing meteoric and hypogene water to move freely, with or without a single point source of percolation. Given the uncertainty about past hydrogeologic conditions, the caves are estimated to have taken from 4 to 10 million years to develop, consistent with previous studies.

Abstract Image

美国大峡谷 Leandras 和 Double Bopper 洞穴开发的数值模拟
大峡谷以其令人惊叹的自然奇观而闻名于世,其中包括洞穴。双波普尔洞穴和莱恩德拉斯洞穴拥有世界上最长的洞穴通道,它们坐落在红墙岩层的石灰岩中,具有错综复杂的迷宫般格局。这项研究探讨了以前关于这些洞穴形成的假设。为了模拟这些洞穴的发展,利用数值模型 CAVE 对多种情况进行了测试。通过多元统计分析评估了模型模拟的准确性。研究结果表明,洞穴周围的断层交汇处形成了一个高渗透区,无论是否有单点渗流源,都能让流星水和次均质水自由流动。鉴于过去水文地质条件的不确定性,洞穴的形成估计需要 400 万到 1000 万年,这与之前的研究结果一致。
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来源期刊
Hydrogeology Journal
Hydrogeology Journal 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
5.40
自引率
7.10%
发文量
128
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: Hydrogeology Journal was founded in 1992 to foster understanding of hydrogeology; to describe worldwide progress in hydrogeology; and to provide an accessible forum for scientists, researchers, engineers, and practitioners in developing and industrialized countries. Since then, the journal has earned a large worldwide readership. Its peer-reviewed research articles integrate subsurface hydrology and geology with supporting disciplines: geochemistry, geophysics, geomorphology, geobiology, surface-water hydrology, tectonics, numerical modeling, economics, and sociology.
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