Psychological Impact of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes on Non-Victims

medRxiv - Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI:10.1101/2024.07.31.24311268

Metin Çınaroğlu, Eda Yılmazer, Zeynep Alpugan, Gökben Hızlı Sayar

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Abstract

The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, with magnitudes of 7.7 and 7.6, caused extensive destruction and psychological distress across southeastern Turkey. This study explores the psychological impact on non-victims, particularly Istanbul residents, focusing on mental health outcomes and coping mechanisms. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to May 2024 with 721 participants from various Turkish cities, including a significant portion from Istanbul. Validated psychological scales such as the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) measured depression, anxiety, well-being, and PTSD symptoms. Sociodemographic factors like age, gender, occupation, income, education level, and previous earthquake experience were also analyzed. Results showed significant psychological distress among non-victims: 51.9% reported high levels of distress, with 24% meeting PTSD criteria, 30% exhibiting moderate to severe depression, and 28% experiencing significant anxiety. Higher income and education levels correlated with better mental health outcomes. Higher education levels were linked to lower PTSD risk (β = -0.20, p < 0.01) and fewer depression symptoms (β = -0.15, p < 0.05). Higher income was associated with lower depression scores (β = -0.20, p < 0.01) and fewer PTSD symptoms (β = -0.15, p < 0.05). Age positively correlated with well-being (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and negatively with PTSD symptoms (r = -0.15, p < 0.05). Comparisons with victim studies of major earthquakes, such as the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, the 1999 Marmara earthquake, the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and the 2000 Iceland earthquakes, revealed similar profound psychological impacts. This highlights the need for comprehensive mental health interventions for both direct and indirect exposures. This study underscores the necessity for inclusive mental health strategies to enhance resilience and well-being, ensuring robust recovery after catastrophic events.

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2023 年卡赫拉曼马拉什地震对非灾民的心理影响

2023 年的卡赫拉曼马拉什地震（震级分别为 7.7 级和 7.6 级）在土耳其东南部造成了广泛的破坏和心理困扰。本研究探讨了地震对非灾民（尤其是伊斯坦布尔居民）的心理影响，重点关注心理健康结果和应对机制。2024 年 3 月至 5 月期间，我们对来自土耳其多个城市的 721 名参与者进行了横向调查，其中很大一部分来自伊斯坦布尔。经过验证的心理量表，如贝克抑郁量表-II（BDI-II）、贝克焦虑量表（BAI）、沃里克-爱丁堡心理健康量表（WEMWBS）和 DSM-5 创伤后应激障碍清单（PCL-5），对抑郁、焦虑、健康和创伤后应激障碍症状进行了测量。结果显示，非灾民中存在严重的心理困扰：51.9%的人表示存在严重困扰，其中24%的人符合创伤后应激障碍标准，30%的人表现出中度至重度抑郁，28%的人存在严重焦虑。较高的收入和教育水平与较好的心理健康结果相关。较高的教育水平与较低的创伤后应激障碍风险（β = -0.20，p < 0.01）和较少的抑郁症状（β = -0.15，p < 0.05）相关。收入越高，抑郁得分越低（β = -0.20，p < 0.01），创伤后应激障碍症状越少（β = -0.15，p < 0.05）。年龄与幸福感呈正相关（r = 0.68，p <0.001），与创伤后应激障碍症状呈负相关（r = -0.15，p <0.05）。与 1995 年阪神淡路大地震、1999 年马尔马拉大地震、2008 年汶川大地震和 2000 年冰岛大地震等大地震的受害者研究相比，发现了类似的深刻心理影响。这凸显了对直接和间接暴露进行全面心理健康干预的必要性。这项研究强调，有必要制定包容性的心理健康战略，以提高抗灾能力和幸福感，确保在灾难性事件发生后实现强有力的恢复。

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medRxiv - Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology

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