Conditions Leading to Ketene Formation in Vaping Devices and Implications for Public Health.

IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL
Chemical Research in Toxicology Pub Date : 2024-08-19 Epub Date: 2024-07-30 DOI:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00190
Ping Wang, Peyton Jacob, Zhong-Min Wang, Jefferson Fowles, Donal F O'Shea, Jeff Wagner, Kazukiyo Kumagai
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Abstract

The outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI) in the United States in 2019 led to a total of 2807 hospitalizations with 68 deaths. While the exact causes of this vaping-related lung illness are still being debated, laboratory analyses of products from victims of EVALI have shown that vitamin E acetate (VEA), an additive in some tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing products, is strongly linked to the EVALI outbreak. Because of its similar appearance and viscosity to pure THC oil, VEA was used as a diluent agent in cannabis oils in illicit markets. A potential mechanism for EVALI may involve VEA's thermal decomposition product, ketene, a highly poisonous gas, being generated under vaping conditions. In this study, a novel approach was developed to evaluate ketene production from VEA vaping under measurable temperature conditions in real-world devices. Ketene in generated aerosols was captured by two different chemical agents and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The LC-MS/MS method takes advantage of the high sensitivity and specificity of tandem mass spectrometry and appears to be more suitable than GC-MS for the analysis of large batches of samples. Our results confirmed the formation of ketene when VEA was vaped. The production of ketene increased with repeat puffs and showed a correlation to temperatures (200 to 500 °C) measured within vaping devices. Device battery power strength, which affects the heating temperature, plays an important role in ketene formation. In addition to ketene, the organic oxidant duroquinone was also obtained as another thermal degradation product of VEA. Ketene was not detected when vitamin E was vaped under the same conditions, confirming the importance of the acetate group for its generation.

Abstract Image

导致在吸食器中形成酮烯的条件及其对公共卫生的影响。
2019 年,美国爆发了电子烟或吸食电子烟相关肺损伤(EVALI)疫情,共导致 2807 人住院治疗,68 人死亡。虽然这种与吸食有关的肺部疾病的确切原因仍在争论之中,但对 EVALI 受害者的产品进行的实验室分析表明,一些含四氢大麻酚(THC)产品中的添加剂维生素 E 醋酸酯(VEA)与 EVALI 爆发密切相关。由于醋酸乙烯 E 的外观和粘度与纯四氢大麻酚油相似,因此在非法市场上被用作大麻油的稀释剂。EVALI 的一个潜在机制可能是在吸食条件下产生了 VEA 的热分解产物--烯酮(一种剧毒气体)。在这项研究中,我们开发了一种新方法来评估在真实世界设备中可测量温度条件下吸食 VEA 所产生的酮。产生的气溶胶中的酮被两种不同的化学试剂捕获,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)进行分析。LC-MS/MS 方法利用了串联质谱的高灵敏度和特异性,似乎比 GC-MS 更适合分析大批量样品。我们的研究结果证实,在吸食 VEA 时会产生酮。酮的生成量随着重复吸食而增加,并与吸食装置内测得的温度(200 至 500 °C)相关。设备电池电量的强弱会影响加热温度,对酮烯的形成起着重要作用。除酮烯外,有机氧化剂杜罗醌也是 VEA 的另一种热降解产物。在相同条件下吸食维生素 E 时,没有检测到烯酮,这证实了醋酸基对烯酮生成的重要性。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
7.90
自引率
7.30%
发文量
215
审稿时长
3.5 months
期刊介绍: Chemical Research in Toxicology publishes Articles, Rapid Reports, Chemical Profiles, Reviews, Perspectives, Letters to the Editor, and ToxWatch on a wide range of topics in Toxicology that inform a chemical and molecular understanding and capacity to predict biological outcomes on the basis of structures and processes. The overarching goal of activities reported in the Journal are to provide knowledge and innovative approaches needed to promote intelligent solutions for human safety and ecosystem preservation. The journal emphasizes insight concerning mechanisms of toxicity over phenomenological observations. It upholds rigorous chemical, physical and mathematical standards for characterization and application of modern techniques.
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