Mineralogy, ore genesis and zircon UPb age characteristics of the Cerattepe CuAu (±Zn) deposit (Artvin, NE Turkey)

IF 2.6 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS

Chemie Der Erde-Geochemistry Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI:10.1016/j.chemer.2024.126167

İbrahim Akpınar , Yılmaz Demir , Namık Aysal , Nurullah Hanilçi , Kıymet Deniz , Yusuf Kaan Kadıoğlu , Martin Yates , Emin Çiftçi

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Abstract

The Cerattepe deposit is associated with bimodal felsic volcanics of the Kızılkaya Formation, which hosts the majority of VMS deposits in the Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and bornite are the main sulfides, with minor galena, fahlores, marcasite, idaite, covellite, and chalcocite. Barite and quartz are the primary gangue minerals, with minor calcite and gypsum. Hematite, limonite, goethite, jarosite, and lepidocrocite are common oxide minerals. The sulfide ore is shaped by rapid cooling, zone refinement, replacement, and local deformation processes, which affect textural relationships and mineral paragenesis.

Fluid inclusion studies have shown that the early stages of the ore were formed by boiling at temperatures of 250–355 °C and approximately 1900 m depth of sea water, while the later stages developed at temperatures as low as 148 °C. The Te temperatures imply that NaCl-dominated solutions with partial mixing of CaCl₂ may be responsible for mineralization. The CO₂ phase present in the early stages of the ore may have been derived from the interaction of hydrothermal solutions with the underlying carbonate rocks. Salinity values of 0.2–7.62 wt% NaCl equ., compatible with the average salinity of Kuroko type VMS deposits, indicate that the Cerattepe deposit was formed in a marine environment.

The Co/Ni of pyrites (1–12, with an average of ∽2) and Zn/Cd of sphalerites (127–383) indicate an acidic source and magmatic source of acidic-andesitic for the ore-forming fluids, respectively. The δ³⁴S values −4.4 ‰ – +9.63 ‰ indicate a magmatic sulfur source, with partial sulfate-reduced sulfur. A magmatic-related source is also inferred from δ¹⁸O values (+8.5 and + 9.5 ‰.) for the Cerattepe deposit. The leaching, zone refinement, and replacement processes, followed by remobilization and precipitation of the metals, resulted in gold enrichment in the oxide zone. The new zircon UPb dating constrains the formation age of the Cerattepe deposit into a time span from 79 ± 1–76.8 ± 1 Ma, a younger age compared to other VMS deposits in the eastern Pontide region.

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Cerattepe 铜金（±锌）矿床（土耳其东北部阿尔特温）的矿物学、矿石成因和锆石 U Pb 年龄特征

Cerattepe矿床与Kızılkaya组双峰长英质火山岩有关，该组是东庞德造山带VMS矿床的主体。硫化物以黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和斑铜矿为主，其次为方铅矿、辉绿铁矿、铁黄铁矿、铁黄铁矿、绿铜矿和辉铜矿。脉石矿物以重晶石、石英为主，方解石、石膏为辅。赤铁矿、褐铁矿、针铁矿、黄钾铁矿和绢云母是常见的氧化物矿物。硫化矿的形成受快速冷却、区域细化、置换和局部变形等过程的影响，这些过程影响矿物的结构关系和共生。流体包裹体研究表明，矿石的早期阶段是在250-355°C的温度下和大约1900米深的海水中沸腾形成的，而后期阶段是在低至148°C的温度下形成的。Te温度表明，氯化钠为主的溶液与CaCl2的部分混合可能是矿化的原因。矿石早期阶段的CO2相可能来自于热液溶液与下伏碳酸盐岩的相互作用。盐度值为0.2-7.62 wt% NaCl当量。，与Kuroko型VMS矿床的平均盐度相匹配，表明Cerattepe矿床形成于海相环境。黄铁矿的Co/Ni（1 ~ 12，平均为∽2）和闪锌矿的Zn/Cd（127 ~ 383）分别指示成矿流体的酸性来源和酸性安山岩的岩浆来源。δ34S值为−4.4‰~ +9.63‰，为岩浆硫源，硫化物部分还原。从切拉特佩矿床的δ18O值（+8.5‰和+ 9.5‰）推断出岩浆成因。经过浸出、带细化和置换过程，再加上金属的再活化和沉淀，导致金在氧化带富集。新锆石UPb定年将Cerattepe矿床的形成年龄限定在79±1 ~ 76.8±1 Ma之间，比庞泰东部其他VMS矿床的形成年龄要小。

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来源期刊

Chemie Der Erde-Geochemistry 地学-地球化学与地球物理

CiteScore

7.10

自引率

0.00%

发文量

审稿时长

3.0 months

期刊介绍： GEOCHEMISTRY was founded as Chemie der Erde 1914 in Jena, and, hence, is one of the oldest journals for geochemistry-related topics. GEOCHEMISTRY (formerly Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry) publishes original research papers, short communications, reviews of selected topics, and high-class invited review articles addressed at broad geosciences audience. Publications dealing with interdisciplinary questions are particularly welcome. Young scientists are especially encouraged to submit their work. Contributions will be published exclusively in English. The journal, through very personalized consultation and its worldwide distribution, offers entry into the world of international scientific communication, and promotes interdisciplinary discussion on chemical problems in a broad spectrum of geosciences. The following topics are covered by the expertise of the members of the editorial board (see below): -cosmochemistry, meteoritics- igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary petrology- volcanology- low & high temperature geochemistry- experimental - theoretical - field related studies- mineralogy - crystallography- environmental geosciences- archaeometry