“When Is a School Not a School?” Dr. Carrie Weaver Smith, Child Prisons, and the Limits of Reform in Progressive Era Texas

Sam Harrell
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Abstract

This archival study explores the life and work of Dr. Carrie Weaver Smith (1885–1942), a Progressive Era social worker and prison warden. Specifically, I explore the first phase of her career as a House Physician at the Virginia K. Johnson Home in Dallas, Texas (1911–1915) and as the first Superintendent of the Texas State Training School for Girls in Gainesville, Texas (1916–1925). Using archival research, I detail three conflicts that defined Dr. Smith’s superintendency: her fight to reclassify a youth prison as a school, her challenges to a Ku Klux Klan-dominated legislature, and her refusal to cede authority to a State Board of Control. Together, these conflicts led the Board to terminate Dr. Smith’s position, an outcome that would replay twice more before she retired from prisonwork. I argue that when most reformers made significant concessions, compromising their visions to maintain state funding and political allyship, Dr. Smith stood out for her record of refusal. And yet, like other reformers, she left Texas with the capacity to imprison more women and girls than ever before.
"什么时候学校不是学校?卡莉-韦弗-史密斯博士、儿童监狱和进步时代得克萨斯州改革的局限性
本档案研究探讨了卡莉-韦弗-史密斯医生(1885-1942 年)的生活和工作,她是一位进步时代的社会工作者和监狱长。具体而言,我探讨了她职业生涯的第一阶段,即在得克萨斯州达拉斯弗吉尼亚-K-约翰逊之家担任家庭医生(1911-1915 年),以及在得克萨斯州盖恩斯维尔的得克萨斯州立女子培训学校担任首任校长(1916-1925 年)。通过档案研究,我详细介绍了决定史密斯博士担任校长期间的三个冲突:她为将一所青年监狱重新归类为学校而进行的斗争、她对三K党主导的立法机构的挑战以及她拒绝将权力让渡给州控制委员会。这些冲突导致委员会终止了史密斯博士的职务,在她从监狱工作退休之前,这一结果还将重演两次。我认为,当大多数改革者为了维持州政府的资助和政治盟友关系而做出重大让步,妥协于自己的愿景时,史密斯博士却因为她的拒绝记录而脱颖而出。然而,与其他改革者一样,她离开得克萨斯州时,囚禁的妇女和女孩人数比以往任何时候都多。
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