EXPLORING THE COMPLICATIONS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by insulin resistance and progressive beta cell dysfunction, leading to persistent hyperglycemia. The disease is associated with numerous complications, including cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, which significantly impact patient morbidity and mortality. This paper explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these complications, highlighting the roles of chronic hyperglycemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, it examines the risk factors contributing to the development and progression of T2DM complications, such as genetic predisposition, obesity, physical inactivity, and poor glycemic control. Effective management strategies are discussed, encompassing both pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. Pharmacological approaches include the use of metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and agents targeting cardiovascular and renal protection. Lifestyle modifications emphasize the importance of dietary changes, regular physical activity, and smoking cessation. Additionally, the paper reviews technological advancements in continuous glucose monitoring and telemedicine, which enhance patient management and care. Future directions in T2DM management are considered, focusing on emerging therapies targeting novel molecular pathways and the integration of artificial intelligence in personalized medicine. This comprehensive review underscores the necessity of a multifaceted approach in managing T2DM and its complications, aiming to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. KEYWORDS : Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, T2DM complications, Insulin resistance, Beta-cell dysfunction, Diabetes patient education