A Systematic Review on Sedative and Hypnotics

Ganesh Anil Vitukade
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Abstract

Abstract: Sedative and hypnotic drugs are central nervous system depressants primarily used to induce calmness, reduce anxiety, and promote sleep. These medications include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and various non-benzodiazepine sleep aids, each varying in their mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety profiles. Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam and alprazolam, enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA-A receptor, resulting in sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant effects. They are commonly prescribed for anxiety disorders, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms. However, their use is associated with risks of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, were once widely used for their sedative and hypnotic properties but have largely been replaced by benzodiazepines and other safer alternatives due to their higher risk of overdose and dependence. Barbiturates enhance GABAergic transmission but also directly activate GABA receptors, leading to more profound central nervous system depression. Non-benzodiazepine sleep aids, including drugs like zolpidem, eszopiclone, and zaleplon, act on the benzodiazepine receptor site but have a different chemical structure. These drugs are often preferred for short-term treatment of insomnia due to their relatively lower risk of dependence and adverse effects compared to benzodiazepines.
镇静剂和催眠药系统综述
摘要:镇静和催眠药物是中枢神经系统抑制剂,主要用于镇静、减轻焦虑和促进睡眠。这些药物包括苯二氮卓类药物、巴比妥类药物和各种非苯二氮卓类助眠药,它们的作用机制、疗效和安全性各不相同。苯二氮卓类药物,如地西泮和阿普唑仑,可增强神经递质γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)在 GABA-A 受体上的作用,从而产生镇静、抗焦虑、肌肉松弛和抗惊厥的效果。这些药物通常用于治疗焦虑症、失眠、癫痫发作和肌肉痉挛。然而,使用这些药物有可能产生耐受性、依赖性和戒断症状。巴比妥类药物(如苯巴比妥)曾因其镇静和催眠特性而被广泛使用,但由于其过量和依赖性风险较高,目前已被苯二氮卓类药物和其他更安全的替代药物所取代。巴比妥类药物可增强 GABA 能的传递,但也会直接激活 GABA 受体,导致更严重的中枢神经系统抑制。非苯二氮卓类助眠药,包括唑吡坦、艾司唑匹克隆和扎来普隆等药物,作用于苯二氮卓受体部位,但化学结构不同。与苯二氮卓类药物相比,这类药物产生依赖性和不良反应的风险相对较低,因此通常是短期治疗失眠症的首选药物。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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