Hydrogenation of hexene catalyzed by a ruthenium (II) complex with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the inactivated hexene hydrogenation reaction catalyzed by a ruthenium (II) complex containing “N-heterocyclic carbene” (NHC) ligands, specifically SIMes and CBA, using DFT calculations. Our focus was on RuH(OSO₂CF₃)(CO)(SIMes)(CBA), which exhibits excellent catalytic behavior. We tested the B3LYP-D3, cam-B3LYP, and TPSSh functionals. The hydrogenation reaction is initiated by the release of SIMes rather than CBA due to the lower associated dissociation energy. Our findings indicate a reaction mechanism consisting of two consecutive steps, each involving one hydrogen atom migration. The first step, considered as the kinetically limiting transition state, exhibits a Gibbs free activation barrier of 12.9 kcal mol⁻¹. This step involves two asynchronous processes. The first one describes the migration of the ruthenium hydride to the internal carbon of the olefine function, transitioning from π to σ coordination mode, which promotes the formation of a bond between ruthenium and the terminal olefinic carbon. The second process involves the oxidation of ruthenium from Ru(II) to Ru(IV). This oxidation is crucial as it enables the decomposition of the H₂ molecule into two hydrogen atoms bonded to the ruthenium atom. The geometrical structures of the Hidden Reaction Intermediate Ru(II) complex and the quasi-transition state of the second process have been determined by means of the RIRC technique. The second step entails the migration of one of the newly formed hydrides of the Ru(IV) complex to the terminal olefinic carbon, resulting in the release of hexane with a weak activation Gibbs free energy of .8 kcal mol⁻¹. Lastly, we explored the use of dichloromethane as a solvent, considering the PCM model. The presence of the solvent significantly decreases the energy dissociation of SIMes from 17.9 to 9.0 kcal mol⁻¹, providing notable benefits.