Evaluation of hazardous element accumulation in urban soils of Cracow, Lublin and Torun (Poland): pollution and ecological risk indices

IF 2.8 3区农林科学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of Soils and Sediments Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI:10.1007/s11368-024-03864-0

Andrzej Plak, Małgorzata Telecka, Przemysław Charzyński, Agnieszka Hanaka

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Abstract

Purpose

This study assesses how urban soil transformation affects pollution levels and ecological risks in Cracow, Lublin, and Torun using specific geochemical indices.

Methods

The surveyed cities, namely Cracow, Lublin and Torun, are among the oldest in Poland, with origins dating back to the Middle Ages. Moreover, they did not experience significant destruction during World War II. A total of 135 sampling points were selected from three cities, and topsoil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from various areas, including industrial, residential, recreational areas, wastelands, traffic routes, allotments, cultivated fields, forests and cemeteries (45 topsoil samples in each city). The concentration of 8 elements (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) was measured to determine pollution and ecological risk indicators, such as geoaccumulation index (I_geo), pollution load index (PLI), cancer risk (CR), and ecological risk assessment (ERi).

Results

Findings reveal significant differences among the cities, with Cracow showing the highest pollution and ecological risk levels, influenced primarily by industrial activities. I_geo above 3 was found for Sb (4% of the sample population), Cr (33%), Ni (31%), Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn (11%). In the other two cities, high I_geo values occurred sporadically with most values ranging from 0 to 2. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Sb, Cr and Ni were found to be highest in industrial areas, transportation areas and urban wastelands, and the lowest in the study plots located in forests. In Cracow, almost 58% of the surveyed areas are polluted. Almost the entire area of Torun (87%) shows high values of summed ecological risk assessment (PER_k). Lublin is characterized by the lowest ecological risk, almost 32% of the surveyed areas are polluted (PER_k—high and very high).

Conclusions

The application of pollution and ecological risk indicators allowed for the identification of elevated heavy metal and metalloid concentrations in the studied soils and evaluation of disease risk in people. The data were strongly correlated with the level of anthropogenic pressure, which varied depending on the different land use.

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克拉科夫、卢布林和托伦（波兰）城市土壤中有害元素积累的评估：污染和生态风险指数

目的本研究使用特定的地球化学指数，评估城市土壤的变化如何影响克拉科夫、卢布林和托伦的污染水平和生态风险。方法被调查的城市，即克拉科夫、卢布林和托伦，是波兰最古老的城市之一，其起源可追溯到中世纪。此外，它们在第二次世界大战期间也没有遭受严重破坏。三个城市共选取了 135 个采样点，并从不同区域采集了表土样本（0-20 厘米），包括工业区、住宅区、娱乐区、荒地、交通线路、分配区、耕地、森林和墓地（每个城市采集 45 个表土样本）。测量了 8 种元素（砷、镉、铜、铬、镍、铅、锑、锌）的浓度，以确定污染和生态风险指标，如地质累积指数 (Igeo)、污染负荷指数 (PLI)、癌症风险 (CR) 和生态风险评估 (ERi)。锑（占样本人口的 4%）、铬（33%）、镍（31%）、镉、铅、铜、锌（11%）的 Igeo 超过 3。镉、铅、锑、铬和镍的浓度在工业区、交通区和城市荒地中最高，而在位于森林中的研究地块中最低。在克拉科夫，近 58% 的调查区域受到污染。托伦几乎整个地区（87%）的生态风险评估总和 (PERk) 值都很高。卢布林的生态风险最低，近 32% 的调查区域受到污染（PERk 高和非常高）。这些数据与人为压力水平密切相关，而人为压力水平因不同的土地用途而异。

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来源期刊

Journal of Soils and Sediments 环境科学-土壤科学

CiteScore

7.00

自引率

5.60%

发文量

256

审稿时长

3.5 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Soils and Sediments (JSS) is devoted to soils and sediments; it deals with contaminated, intact and disturbed soils and sediments. JSS explores both the common aspects and the differences between these two environmental compartments. Inter-linkages at the catchment scale and with the Earth’s system (inter-compartment) are an important topic in JSS. The range of research coverage includes the effects of disturbances and contamination; research, strategies and technologies for prediction, prevention, and protection; identification and characterization; treatment, remediation and reuse; risk assessment and management; creation and implementation of quality standards; international regulation and legislation.