Complete elbow ankylosis secondary to heterotopic ossification: operative management leads to fair to excellent long-term outcomes

Abstract

Background

Heterotopic ossification in the elbow, often caused by trauma or neurogenic factors, can lead to limited range of motion and physical impairment, while severe cases may result in debilitating loss of function. Complete bony ankylosis of the elbow, though rare, presents challenges in treatment due to complex anatomy and high recurrence rates, with limited literature on management and outcomes. This study retrospectively investigates cases of elbow ankylosis secondary to heterotopic ossification, assessing long-term functional outcomes following operative intervention and standardized rehabilitation.

Methods

A retrospective case series was performed on patients who underwent surgical excision of heterotopic ossification of the elbow at our institution. Outcomes of interest were intraoperative flexion-extension arc, flexion-extension arc at the final long-term postoperative follow-up, visual analog scale pain scores at long-term follow-up, and Mayo Elbow Performance scores at long-term follow-up. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to identify a statistically significant difference between arc of motion achieved intraoperatively and the arc of motion maintained at the final long-term postoperative follow-up.

Results

Between September 1999 and July 2021, 107 patients underwent operative resection for heterotopic ossification around the elbow, with 13 patients (16 elbows) exhibiting complete ankylosis at time of surgery. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Long-term outcomes demonstrated an average visual analog scale pain score of 1.4 +/− 1.7, and an average Mayo Elbow Performance score of 85.9 +/−12.8, with 75% of cases maintaining at least 100 degrees of flexion-extension arc at the final long-term postoperative follow-up. On average, the flexion-extension arc of motion at the final follow-up was preserved at 95% of intraoperative levels. Patients did have an average residual flexion contracture of 18 +/− 9 degrees at the final follow-up.

Conclusion

Surgical excision for complete elbow ankylosis secondary to heterotopic ossification presents challenges due to potential complications. Our study shows favorable long-term outcomes in pain scores, range of motion, and Mayo Elbow Performance scores. Despite reported complications in the literature, our series exhibited no adverse events, supporting operative excision as a standard treatment with overall fair to excellent outcomes. Further research, particularly involving multicenter, randomized, prospective studies, is warranted to refine protocols and understand predictors for improved outcomes in this patient population.