Traceability E-Fuels 2035

Tobias Stoll, A. Kulzer, Hans-Juergen Berner
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Abstract

EU legislation provides for only local CO2 emission-free vehicles to be allowed in individual passenger transport by 2035. In addition, the directive provides for fuels from renewable sources, i.e. defossilised fuels. This development leads to three possible energy sources or forms of energy for use in individual transport. The first possibility is charging with electricity generated from renewable sources, the second possibility is hydrogen generated from renewable sources or blue production path. The third possibility is the use of renewable fuels, also called e-fuels. These fuels are produced from atmospheric CO2 and renewable hydrogen. Possible processes for this are, for example, methanol or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The production of these fuels is very energy-intensive and large amounts of renewable electricity are needed. Thus, national production of these fuels in the EU is inefficient in terms of cost and carbon footprint due to the low utilisation rate of renewable energy plants. Outsourcing these processes to regions where renewable energy production takes place under high utilisation rates and thus the amount of installed capacity can be reduced seems to make sense. Nevertheless, it is to be expected that the costs of the renewably produced fuel will be considerably higher than for the respective fossil equivalent. This makes the production and distribution chain susceptible to fraud by mixing it with, or substituting it for, fossil fuel. This problem can only be controlled by appropriate regulations and controls. This paper presents different options for product control and certification, both for the global and the EU trade area. It conceptually discusses different procedures for control, certification and fuel labelling. First, the draft for a global, certificate-based system for production volume control is presented. This draft enables independent trading of certificates and the product. This makes it possible to implement both pure certificate trading and product-linked certificate trading. Thus, each trading zone can implement the system that suits them best, without disturbing the control of the global production volume. In a second step, an automated monitoring system for tracking imported renewable fuels in the EU trading zone is presented. This is done via a second certification authority and continuous digital and governmental monitoring. In a third step, possibilities are presented with which the fuel or the refuelling in the vehicle can be monitored. Finally, a conclusion is given on the practicability of such a monitoring system.
可追溯性 电子燃料 2035
欧盟立法规定,到 2035 年,个人客运只允许使用不排放二氧化碳的本地车辆。此外,该指令还规定了可再生能源燃料,即化石燃料。这一发展导致了三种可能的能源或能源形式用于个人交通工具。第一种可能是使用可再生能源产生的电力充电,第二种可能是使用可再生能源或蓝色生产路径产生的氢气。第三种可能是使用可再生燃料,也称为电子燃料。这些燃料由大气中的二氧化碳和可再生氢气产生。可采用的工艺包括甲醇或费托合成等。这些燃料的生产非常耗能,需要大量的可再生电力。因此,由于可再生能源发电厂的利用率较低,欧盟国家生产这些燃料的成本和碳排放量都很低。将这些过程外包给可再生能源生产利用率高的地区,从而减少装机容量似乎是合理的。尽管如此,预计可再生能源生产燃料的成本将大大高于相应的化石燃料。这就使得生产和销售链很容易被混入或替代化石燃料的欺诈行为所利用。这一问题只能通过适当的法规和控制措施加以控制。本文介绍了全球和欧盟贸易区产品控制和认证的不同方案。它从概念上讨论了控制、认证和燃料标签的不同程序。首先,介绍了基于证书的全球生产量控制体系草案。该草案实现了证书和产品的独立交易。这样,既可以实行纯证书交易,也可以实行与产品挂钩的证书交易。因此,每个贸易区都可以实施最适合自己的系统,而不会影响对全球生产量的控制。第二步,在欧盟贸易区提出了一个跟踪进口可再生燃料的自动监测系统。该系统通过第二认证机构以及持续的数字和政府监控来实现。第三步,介绍了对燃料或车辆加油进行监控的可能性。最后,对这种监控系统的实用性进行了总结。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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