Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extracts from Different Parts of the Paullinia cupana Kunth Plant: Characterization and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity

Pharmaceuticals Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI:10.3390/ph17070869
Alan Kelbis Oliveira Lima, Lucas Marcelino dos Santos Souza, Guilherme Fonseca Reis, Alberto Gomes Tavares Junior, V. Araújo, Lucas Carvalho dos Santos, Vitória Regina Pereira da Silva, M. Chorilli, Hugo de Campos Braga, Dayane Batista Tada, José Antônio de Aquino Ribeiro, Clenilson Martins Rodrigues, Gerson Nakazato, L. A. Muehlmann, Mônica Pereira Garcia
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Abstract

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be developed using safe and environmentally friendly routes, can replace potentially toxic chemical methods, and can increase the scale of production. This study aimed to synthesize AgNPs from aqueous extracts of guarana (Paullinia cupana) leaves and flowers, collected in different seasons of the year, as a source of active biomolecules capable of reducing silver ions (Ag+) and promoting the stabilization of colloidal silver (Ag0). The plant aqueous extracts were characterized regarding their metabolic composition by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS), phenolic compound content, and antioxidant potential against free radicals. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV/Vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The results demonstrated that the chemical characterization indicated the presence of secondary metabolites of many classes of compounds in the studied aqueous extracts studied, but alkaloids and flavonoids were predominant, which are widely recognized for their antioxidant capabilities. It was possible to notice subtle changes in the properties of the nanostructures depending on parameters such as seasonality and the part of the plant used, with the AgNPs showing surface plasmon resonance bands between 410 and 420 nm using the leaf extract and between 440 and 460 nm when prepared using the flower extract. Overall, the average hydrodynamic diameters of the AgNPs were similar among the samples (61.98 to 101.6 nm). Polydispersity index remained in the range of 0.2 to 0.4, indicating that colloidal stability did not change with storage time. Zeta potential was above −30 mV after one month of analysis, which is adequate for biological applications. TEM images showed AgNPs with diameters between 40.72 to 48.85 nm and particles of different morphologies. EDX indicated silver content by weight between 24.06 and 28.81%. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against various pathogenic microorganisms of clinical and environmental interest, with MIC values between 2.12 and 21.25 µg/mL, which is close to those described for MBC values. Therefore, our results revealed the potential use of a native species of plant from Brazilian biodiversity combined with nanotechnology to produce antimicrobial agents.
利用Paullinia cupana Kunth植物不同部位的提取物合成纳米银颗粒:表征和体外抗菌活性
银纳米粒子(AgNPs)的绿色合成可采用安全、环保的途径,可替代可能有毒的化学方法,并可扩大生产规模。本研究旨在从瓜拉纳(Paullinia cupana)叶子和花的水提取物中合成 AgNPs,瓜拉纳在一年中的不同季节采集,是一种能够还原银离子(Ag+)并促进胶体银(Ag0)稳定的活性生物大分子来源。通过液相色谱-高分辨质谱法(UHPLC-HRMS/MS)对植物水提取物的代谢成分、酚类化合物含量和抗自由基的抗氧化潜力进行了表征。通过紫外/可见分光光度法、动态光散射(DLS)、纳米颗粒跟踪分析(NTA)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和扫描电子显微镜耦合能量色散 X 射线光谱法(EDX)对合成的 AgNPs 进行了表征。研究结果表明,化学特性分析表明,在所研究的水提取物中存在许多类化合物的次级代谢产物,但生物碱和黄酮类化合物占主导地位,它们的抗氧化能力已得到广泛认可。根据季节性和所用植物部位等参数的不同,纳米结构的特性也会发生微妙的变化,使用叶提取物制备的 AgNPs 的表面等离子体共振波段在 410 纳米和 420 纳米之间,使用花提取物制备的 AgNPs 的表面等离子体共振波段在 440 纳米和 460 纳米之间。总体而言,不同样品的 AgNPs 平均水动力直径相似(61.98 至 101.6 nm)。多分散指数保持在 0.2 至 0.4 的范围内,表明胶体稳定性不会随着储存时间的延长而改变。经过一个月的分析,Zeta 电位高于 -30 mV,足以满足生物应用的要求。TEM 图像显示,AgNPs 的直径在 40.72 至 48.85 nm 之间,颗粒形态各异。EDX 显示银的重量含量在 24.06% 到 28.81% 之间。合成的 AgNPs 对临床和环境中的各种病原微生物具有抗菌功效,其 MIC 值介于 2.12 和 21.25 µg/mL 之间,接近 MBC 值。因此,我们的研究结果揭示了巴西生物多样性中的一种本地植物与纳米技术结合生产抗菌剂的潜力。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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